The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia
Breakfast frequency is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western populations, possibly via the types of food eaten or the timing of food consumption, but associations in Malaysian adolescents are unknown. While the timing of breakfast is similar, the type of food consumed at break...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
MDPI
2019
|
| Subjects: |
| _version_ | 1825722151183843328 |
|---|---|
| author | Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura |
| author_facet | Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura |
| author_sort | Mustafa, Norashikin |
| collection | UM |
| description | Breakfast frequency is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western populations, possibly via the types of food eaten or the timing of food consumption, but associations in Malaysian adolescents are unknown. While the timing of breakfast is similar, the type of food consumed at breakfast in Malaysia differs from Western diets, which allows novel insight into the mechanisms underlying breakfast–CVD risk associations. We investigated foods eaten for breakfast and associations between breakfast frequency and CVD risk factors in the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team study (MyHeARTs). Breakfast (frequency of any food/drink reported as breakfast in 7-day diet history interviews) and CVD risk factors (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were cross-sectionally associated using linear regression adjusting for potential confounders (n = 795, age 13 years). Twelve percent of adolescents never ate breakfast and 50% ate breakfast daily, containing mean (SD) 400 (±127) kilocalories. Commonly consumed breakfast foods were cereal-based dishes (primarily rice), confectionery (primarily sugar), hot/powdered drinks (primarily Milo), and high-fat milk (primarily sweetened condensed milk). After adjustment, each extra day of breakfast consumption per week was associated with a lower BMI (−0.34 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.02, −0.66), and serum total (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.13) and LDL (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.12) cholesterol concentrations. Eating daily breakfast in Malaysia was associated with slightly lower BMI and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations among adolescents. Longitudinal studies and randomized trials could further establish causality. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T06:01:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | um.eprints-23921 |
| institution | Universiti Malaya |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T06:01:16Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | um.eprints-239212020-03-02T08:28:53Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/23921/ The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura R Medicine Breakfast frequency is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western populations, possibly via the types of food eaten or the timing of food consumption, but associations in Malaysian adolescents are unknown. While the timing of breakfast is similar, the type of food consumed at breakfast in Malaysia differs from Western diets, which allows novel insight into the mechanisms underlying breakfast–CVD risk associations. We investigated foods eaten for breakfast and associations between breakfast frequency and CVD risk factors in the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team study (MyHeARTs). Breakfast (frequency of any food/drink reported as breakfast in 7-day diet history interviews) and CVD risk factors (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were cross-sectionally associated using linear regression adjusting for potential confounders (n = 795, age 13 years). Twelve percent of adolescents never ate breakfast and 50% ate breakfast daily, containing mean (SD) 400 (±127) kilocalories. Commonly consumed breakfast foods were cereal-based dishes (primarily rice), confectionery (primarily sugar), hot/powdered drinks (primarily Milo), and high-fat milk (primarily sweetened condensed milk). After adjustment, each extra day of breakfast consumption per week was associated with a lower BMI (−0.34 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.02, −0.66), and serum total (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.13) and LDL (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.12) cholesterol concentrations. Eating daily breakfast in Malaysia was associated with slightly lower BMI and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations among adolescents. Longitudinal studies and randomized trials could further establish causality. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. MDPI 2019 Article PeerReviewed Mustafa, Norashikin and Majid, Hazreen Abdul and Toumpakari, Zoi and Carroll, Harriet Amy and Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid and Al Sadat, Nabilla and Johnson, Laura (2019) The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia. Nutrients, 11 (5). p. 973. ISSN 2072-6643, DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050973 <https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050973>. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050973 doi:10.3390/nu11050973 |
| spellingShingle | R Medicine Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia |
| title | The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia |
| title_full | The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia |
| title_short | The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia |
| title_sort | association of breakfast frequency and cardiovascular disease cvd risk factors among adolescents in malaysia |
| topic | R Medicine |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mustafanorashikin theassociationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT majidhazreenabdul theassociationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT toumpakarizoi theassociationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT carrollharrietamy theassociationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT jalaludinmuhammadyazid theassociationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT alsadatnabilla theassociationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT johnsonlaura theassociationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT mustafanorashikin associationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT majidhazreenabdul associationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT toumpakarizoi associationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT carrollharrietamy associationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT jalaludinmuhammadyazid associationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT alsadatnabilla associationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia AT johnsonlaura associationofbreakfastfrequencyandcardiovasculardiseasecvdriskfactorsamongadolescentsinmalaysia |