Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about the...

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Main Authors:	Viren Swami, Mathew P. White, Martin Voracek, Ulrich S. Tran, Toivo Aavik, Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo, Reza Afhami, Oli Ahmed, Annie Aime, Marwan Akel, Hussam Al Halbusi, George Alexias, Khawla F. Ali, Nursel Alp-Dal, Anas B. Alsalhani, Sara Alvarez-Solas, Ana Carolina Soares Amaral, Sonny Andrianto, Trefor Aspden, Marios Argyrides, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Stephen Atkin, Olusola Ayandele, Migle Baceviciene, Radvan Bahbouh, Andrea Ballesio, David Barron, Ashleigh Bellard, SoleySesselja ´ Bender, Kerime Derya Beydaǧ, Gorana Birovljevi´c, Marie-Eve ` Blackburn, Teresita Borja-Alvarez, Joanna Borowiec, Miroslava Bozog´ anov ˇ a, Solfrid Bratland-Sanda, MatthewH.E.M. Browning, Anna Brytek-Matera, Marina Burakova, Yeliz Çakır-Koçak, Pablo Camacho, Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri, Valentina Cazzato, Silvia Cerea, Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon, Tim Chambers, Qing-Wei Chen, Xin Chen, Chin-Lung Chien, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Bovornpot Choompunuch, Emilio J. Compte, Jennifer Corrigan, Getrude Cosmas Ah Gang, Richard G. Cowden, Kamila Czepczor-Bernat, Marcin Czub, Wanderson Roberto da Silva, Mahboubeh Dadfar, Simon E. Dalley, Lionel Dany, Jesus Alfonso D. Datu, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho, Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho, Avila Odia S. De Jesus, Sonia Harzallah Debbabi, Sandesh Dhakal, Francesca Di Bernardo, Donka D. Dimitrova, Jacinthe Dion, Barnaby Dixson, Stacey M. Donofrio, Marius Drysch, Hongfei Du, Angel M. Dzhambov, Claire El-Jor, Violeta Enea, Mehmet Eskin, Farinaz Farbod, Lorleen Farrugia, Leonie Fian, Maryanne L. Fisher, Michał Folwarczny, David A. Frederick, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Adrian Furnham, Antonio Alías García, Shulamit Geller, Marta Ghisi, Alireza Ghorbani, Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez, Sarah Gradidge, Sylvie Graf, Caterina Grano, Gyongyv ¨ ´er Gyene, Souheil Hallit, Motasem Hamdan, Jonathan E. Handelzalts, PaulH.P. Hanel, Steven R. Hawks, Issa Hekmati, Mai Helmy, Tetiana Hill, Farah Hina, Geraldine Holenweger, Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´ a, Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi, Asma Imam, Bas¸ak ˙ Ince, Natalia Irrazabal, Rasa Jankauskiene, Ding-Yu Jiang, Micaela Jim´enez-Borja, Veronica ´ Jim´enez-Borja, Evan M. Johnson, Veljko Jovanovi´c, Marija Jovi´c, Marko Jovi´c, Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira, Lisa-Marie Kahle, Adam Kantanista, Ahmet Karakiraz, Ays¸e Nur Karkin, Erich Kasten, Salam Khatib, Nuannut Khieowan, Patricia Joseph Kimong, Litza Kiropoulos, Joshua Knittel, Neena Kohli, Mirjam Koprivnik, Aituar Kospakov, Magdalena Krol-Zieli ´ nska, Isabel Krug, Garry Kuan, Yee Cheng Kueh, Omar Kujan, Miljana Kuki´c, Sanjay Kumar, Vipul Kumar, Nishtha Lamba, Mary Anne Lauri, Maria Fernanda Laus, Liza April LeBlanc, Hyejoo J. Lee, Małgorzata Lipowska, Mariusz Lipowski, Caterina Lombardo, Andrea Lukacs, Christophe Maïano, Sadia Malik, Mandar Manjary, Lidia Marquez ´ Baldo, Martha Martinez-Banf, Karlijn Massar, Camilla Matera, Olivia McAnirlin, Mois´es Roberto Mebarak, Anwar Mechri, Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles, Norbert Mesko, Jacqueline Mills, Maya Miyairi, Ritu Modi, Adriana Modrzejewska, Justyna Modrzejewska, Kate E. Mulgrew, Taryn A. Myers, Hikari Namatame, Mohammad Zakaria Nassani, Amanda Nerini, F´elix Neto, Joana Neto, Angela Nogueira Neves, Siu-Kuen Ng, Devi Nithiya, Jiaqing O, Sahar Obeid, Camila Oda-Montecinos, Peter Olamakinde Olapegba, Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin, Salma Samir Omar, Brynja Orlygsd ¨ ottir, Emrah Ozsoy, Tobias Otterbring, Sabine Pahl, Maria Serena Panasiti, Yonguk Park, Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary, Tatiana Petho, Nadezhda Petrova, Jakob Pietschnig, Sadaf Pourmahmoud, Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu, Vita Poˇstuvan, Pavol Prokop, Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter, Magdalena Razmus, Taotao Ru, Mirjana Rupar, Reza N. Sahlan, Mohammad Salah Hassan, Anđela Salov, Saphal Sapkota, Jacob Owusu Sarfo, Yoko Sawamiya, Katrin Schaefer, Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Veya Seekis, Kerim Selvi, Mehdi Sharif, Anita Shrivastava, Rumana Ferdousi Siddique, Valdimar Sigurdsson, Vineta Silkane, Ana Simuni ˇ ´c, Govind Singh, Alena Sleza´ˇckova, Christine Sundgot-Borgen, Gill Ten Hoor, Passagorn Tevichapong, Arun Tipandjan, Jennifer Todd, Constantinos Togas, Fernando Tonini, Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro, Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud, Pankaj Tripathi, Otilia Tudorel, Tracy L. Tylka, Anar Uyzbayeva, Zahir Vally, Edmunds Vanags, Luis Diego Vega, Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena, Jose Vidal-Mollon, Roosevelt Vilar, Hyxia Villegas, Mona Vintila, Christoph Wallner, Simon Whitebridge, Sonja Windhager, Kah Yan Wong, Eric Kenson Yau, Yuko Yamamiya, Victoria Wai Lan Yeung, Marcelo Callegari Zanetti, Magdalena Zawisza, Nadine Zeeni, Martina Zvaríkova, Stefan Stieger
Format:	Article
Language:	English English
Published:	ResearchGate 2024
Subjects:	BF712-724.85 Developmental psychology - Including infant psychology, child psychology, adolescence, adulthood QA273-280 Probabilities. Mathematical statistics
Online Access:	https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41974/1/ABSTRACT.pdf https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41974/4/FULL%20TEXT.pdf

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author	Viren Swami Mathew P. White Martin Voracek Ulrich S. Tran Toivo Aavik Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo Reza Afhami Oli Ahmed Annie Aime Marwan Akel Hussam Al Halbusi George Alexias Khawla F. Ali Nursel Alp-Dal Anas B. Alsalhani Sara Alvarez-Solas Ana Carolina Soares Amaral Sonny Andrianto Trefor Aspden Marios Argyrides John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta Stephen Atkin Olusola Ayandele Migle Baceviciene Radvan Bahbouh Andrea Ballesio David Barron Ashleigh Bellard SoleySesselja ´ Bender Kerime Derya Beydaǧ Gorana Birovljevi´c Marie-Eve ` Blackburn Teresita Borja-Alvarez Joanna Borowiec Miroslava Bozog´ anov ˇ a Solfrid Bratland-Sanda MatthewH.E.M. Browning Anna Brytek-Matera Marina Burakova Yeliz Çakır-Koçak Pablo Camacho Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri Valentina Cazzato Silvia Cerea Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon Tim Chambers Qing-Wei Chen Xin Chen Chin-Lung Chien Phatthanakit Chobthamkit Bovornpot Choompunuch Emilio J. Compte Jennifer Corrigan Getrude Cosmas Ah Gang Richard G. Cowden Kamila Czepczor-Bernat Marcin Czub Wanderson Roberto da Silva Mahboubeh Dadfar Simon E. Dalley Lionel Dany Jesus Alfonso D. Datu Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho Avila Odia S. De Jesus Sonia Harzallah Debbabi Sandesh Dhakal Francesca Di Bernardo Donka D. Dimitrova Jacinthe Dion Barnaby Dixson Stacey M. Donofrio Marius Drysch Hongfei Du Angel M. Dzhambov Claire El-Jor Violeta Enea Mehmet Eskin Farinaz Farbod Lorleen Farrugia Leonie Fian Maryanne L. Fisher Michał Folwarczny David A. Frederick Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Adrian Furnham Antonio Alías García Shulamit Geller Marta Ghisi Alireza Ghorbani Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez Sarah Gradidge Sylvie Graf Caterina Grano Gyongyv ¨ ´er Gyene Souheil Hallit Motasem Hamdan Jonathan E. Handelzalts PaulH.P. Hanel Steven R. Hawks Issa Hekmati Mai Helmy Tetiana Hill Farah Hina Geraldine Holenweger Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´ a Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi Asma Imam Bas¸ak ˙ Ince Natalia Irrazabal Rasa Jankauskiene Ding-Yu Jiang Micaela Jim´enez-Borja Veronica ´ Jim´enez-Borja Evan M. Johnson Veljko Jovanovi´c Marija Jovi´c Marko Jovi´c Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira Lisa-Marie Kahle Adam Kantanista Ahmet Karakiraz Ays¸e Nur Karkin Erich Kasten Salam Khatib Nuannut Khieowan Patricia Joseph Kimong Litza Kiropoulos Joshua Knittel Neena Kohli Mirjam Koprivnik Aituar Kospakov Magdalena Krol-Zieli ´ nska Isabel Krug Garry Kuan Yee Cheng Kueh Omar Kujan Miljana Kuki´c Sanjay Kumar Vipul Kumar Nishtha Lamba Mary Anne Lauri Maria Fernanda Laus Liza April LeBlanc Hyejoo J. Lee Małgorzata Lipowska Mariusz Lipowski Caterina Lombardo Andrea Lukacs Christophe Maïano Sadia Malik Mandar Manjary Lidia Marquez ´ Baldo Martha Martinez-Banf Karlijn Massar Camilla Matera Olivia McAnirlin Mois´es Roberto Mebarak Anwar Mechri Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles Norbert Mesko Jacqueline Mills Maya Miyairi Ritu Modi Adriana Modrzejewska Justyna Modrzejewska Kate E. Mulgrew Taryn A. Myers Hikari Namatame Mohammad Zakaria Nassani Amanda Nerini F´elix Neto Joana Neto Angela Nogueira Neves Siu-Kuen Ng Devi Nithiya Jiaqing O Sahar Obeid Camila Oda-Montecinos Peter Olamakinde Olapegba Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin Salma Samir Omar Brynja Orlygsd ¨ ottir Emrah Ozsoy Tobias Otterbring Sabine Pahl Maria Serena Panasiti Yonguk Park Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary Tatiana Petho Nadezhda Petrova Jakob Pietschnig Sadaf Pourmahmoud Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu Vita Poˇstuvan Pavol Prokop Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter Magdalena Razmus Taotao Ru Mirjana Rupar Reza N. Sahlan Mohammad Salah Hassan Anđela Salov Saphal Sapkota Jacob Owusu Sarfo Yoko Sawamiya Katrin Schaefer Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck Veya Seekis Kerim Selvi Mehdi Sharif Anita Shrivastava Rumana Ferdousi Siddique Valdimar Sigurdsson Vineta Silkane Ana Simuni ˇ ´c Govind Singh Alena Sleza´ˇckova Christine Sundgot-Borgen Gill Ten Hoor Passagorn Tevichapong Arun Tipandjan Jennifer Todd Constantinos Togas Fernando Tonini Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud Pankaj Tripathi Otilia Tudorel Tracy L. Tylka Anar Uyzbayeva Zahir Vally Edmunds Vanags Luis Diego Vega Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena Jose Vidal-Mollon Roosevelt Vilar Hyxia Villegas Mona Vintila Christoph Wallner Simon Whitebridge Sonja Windhager Kah Yan Wong Eric Kenson Yau Yuko Yamamiya Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Marcelo Callegari Zanetti Magdalena Zawisza Nadine Zeeni Martina Zvaríkova Stefan Stieger
author_facet	Viren Swami Mathew P. White Martin Voracek Ulrich S. Tran Toivo Aavik Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo Reza Afhami Oli Ahmed Annie Aime Marwan Akel Hussam Al Halbusi George Alexias Khawla F. Ali Nursel Alp-Dal Anas B. Alsalhani Sara Alvarez-Solas Ana Carolina Soares Amaral Sonny Andrianto Trefor Aspden Marios Argyrides John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta Stephen Atkin Olusola Ayandele Migle Baceviciene Radvan Bahbouh Andrea Ballesio David Barron Ashleigh Bellard SoleySesselja ´ Bender Kerime Derya Beydaǧ Gorana Birovljevi´c Marie-Eve ` Blackburn Teresita Borja-Alvarez Joanna Borowiec Miroslava Bozog´ anov ˇ a Solfrid Bratland-Sanda MatthewH.E.M. Browning Anna Brytek-Matera Marina Burakova Yeliz Çakır-Koçak Pablo Camacho Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri Valentina Cazzato Silvia Cerea Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon Tim Chambers Qing-Wei Chen Xin Chen Chin-Lung Chien Phatthanakit Chobthamkit Bovornpot Choompunuch Emilio J. Compte Jennifer Corrigan Getrude Cosmas Ah Gang Richard G. Cowden Kamila Czepczor-Bernat Marcin Czub Wanderson Roberto da Silva Mahboubeh Dadfar Simon E. Dalley Lionel Dany Jesus Alfonso D. Datu Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho Avila Odia S. De Jesus Sonia Harzallah Debbabi Sandesh Dhakal Francesca Di Bernardo Donka D. Dimitrova Jacinthe Dion Barnaby Dixson Stacey M. Donofrio Marius Drysch Hongfei Du Angel M. Dzhambov Claire El-Jor Violeta Enea Mehmet Eskin Farinaz Farbod Lorleen Farrugia Leonie Fian Maryanne L. Fisher Michał Folwarczny David A. Frederick Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Adrian Furnham Antonio Alías García Shulamit Geller Marta Ghisi Alireza Ghorbani Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez Sarah Gradidge Sylvie Graf Caterina Grano Gyongyv ¨ ´er Gyene Souheil Hallit Motasem Hamdan Jonathan E. Handelzalts PaulH.P. Hanel Steven R. Hawks Issa Hekmati Mai Helmy Tetiana Hill Farah Hina Geraldine Holenweger Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´ a Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi Asma Imam Bas¸ak ˙ Ince Natalia Irrazabal Rasa Jankauskiene Ding-Yu Jiang Micaela Jim´enez-Borja Veronica ´ Jim´enez-Borja Evan M. Johnson Veljko Jovanovi´c Marija Jovi´c Marko Jovi´c Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira Lisa-Marie Kahle Adam Kantanista Ahmet Karakiraz Ays¸e Nur Karkin Erich Kasten Salam Khatib Nuannut Khieowan Patricia Joseph Kimong Litza Kiropoulos Joshua Knittel Neena Kohli Mirjam Koprivnik Aituar Kospakov Magdalena Krol-Zieli ´ nska Isabel Krug Garry Kuan Yee Cheng Kueh Omar Kujan Miljana Kuki´c Sanjay Kumar Vipul Kumar Nishtha Lamba Mary Anne Lauri Maria Fernanda Laus Liza April LeBlanc Hyejoo J. Lee Małgorzata Lipowska Mariusz Lipowski Caterina Lombardo Andrea Lukacs Christophe Maïano Sadia Malik Mandar Manjary Lidia Marquez ´ Baldo Martha Martinez-Banf Karlijn Massar Camilla Matera Olivia McAnirlin Mois´es Roberto Mebarak Anwar Mechri Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles Norbert Mesko Jacqueline Mills Maya Miyairi Ritu Modi Adriana Modrzejewska Justyna Modrzejewska Kate E. Mulgrew Taryn A. Myers Hikari Namatame Mohammad Zakaria Nassani Amanda Nerini F´elix Neto Joana Neto Angela Nogueira Neves Siu-Kuen Ng Devi Nithiya Jiaqing O Sahar Obeid Camila Oda-Montecinos Peter Olamakinde Olapegba Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin Salma Samir Omar Brynja Orlygsd ¨ ottir Emrah Ozsoy Tobias Otterbring Sabine Pahl Maria Serena Panasiti Yonguk Park Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary Tatiana Petho Nadezhda Petrova Jakob Pietschnig Sadaf Pourmahmoud Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu Vita Poˇstuvan Pavol Prokop Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter Magdalena Razmus Taotao Ru Mirjana Rupar Reza N. Sahlan Mohammad Salah Hassan Anđela Salov Saphal Sapkota Jacob Owusu Sarfo Yoko Sawamiya Katrin Schaefer Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck Veya Seekis Kerim Selvi Mehdi Sharif Anita Shrivastava Rumana Ferdousi Siddique Valdimar Sigurdsson Vineta Silkane Ana Simuni ˇ ´c Govind Singh Alena Sleza´ˇckova Christine Sundgot-Borgen Gill Ten Hoor Passagorn Tevichapong Arun Tipandjan Jennifer Todd Constantinos Togas Fernando Tonini Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud Pankaj Tripathi Otilia Tudorel Tracy L. Tylka Anar Uyzbayeva Zahir Vally Edmunds Vanags Luis Diego Vega Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena Jose Vidal-Mollon Roosevelt Vilar Hyxia Villegas Mona Vintila Christoph Wallner Simon Whitebridge Sonja Windhager Kah Yan Wong Eric Kenson Yau Yuko Yamamiya Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Marcelo Callegari Zanetti Magdalena Zawisza Nadine Zeeni Martina Zvaríkova Stefan Stieger
author_sort	Viren Swami
collection	UMS
description	Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negli gible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.
first_indexed	2024-12-09T00:54:06Z
format	Article
id	ums.eprints-41974
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sabah
language	English English
last_indexed	2024-12-09T00:54:06Z
publishDate	2024
publisher	ResearchGate
record_format	dspace
spelling	ums.eprints-419742024-11-29T05:00:18Z https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41974/ Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups Viren Swami Mathew P. White Martin Voracek Ulrich S. Tran Toivo Aavik Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo Reza Afhami Oli Ahmed Annie Aime Marwan Akel Hussam Al Halbusi George Alexias Khawla F. Ali Nursel Alp-Dal Anas B. Alsalhani Sara Alvarez-Solas Ana Carolina Soares Amaral Sonny Andrianto Trefor Aspden Marios Argyrides John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta Stephen Atkin Olusola Ayandele Migle Baceviciene Radvan Bahbouh Andrea Ballesio David Barron Ashleigh Bellard SoleySesselja ´ Bender Kerime Derya Beydaǧ Gorana Birovljevi´c Marie-Eve ` Blackburn Teresita Borja-Alvarez Joanna Borowiec Miroslava Bozog´ anov ˇ a Solfrid Bratland-Sanda MatthewH.E.M. Browning Anna Brytek-Matera Marina Burakova Yeliz Çakır-Koçak Pablo Camacho Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri Valentina Cazzato Silvia Cerea Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon Tim Chambers Qing-Wei Chen Xin Chen Chin-Lung Chien Phatthanakit Chobthamkit Bovornpot Choompunuch Emilio J. Compte Jennifer Corrigan Getrude Cosmas Ah Gang Richard G. Cowden Kamila Czepczor-Bernat Marcin Czub Wanderson Roberto da Silva Mahboubeh Dadfar Simon E. Dalley Lionel Dany Jesus Alfonso D. Datu Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho Avila Odia S. De Jesus Sonia Harzallah Debbabi Sandesh Dhakal Francesca Di Bernardo Donka D. Dimitrova Jacinthe Dion Barnaby Dixson Stacey M. Donofrio Marius Drysch Hongfei Du Angel M. Dzhambov Claire El-Jor Violeta Enea Mehmet Eskin Farinaz Farbod Lorleen Farrugia Leonie Fian Maryanne L. Fisher Michał Folwarczny David A. Frederick Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Adrian Furnham Antonio Alías García Shulamit Geller Marta Ghisi Alireza Ghorbani Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez Sarah Gradidge Sylvie Graf Caterina Grano Gyongyv ¨ ´er Gyene Souheil Hallit Motasem Hamdan Jonathan E. Handelzalts PaulH.P. Hanel Steven R. Hawks Issa Hekmati Mai Helmy Tetiana Hill Farah Hina Geraldine Holenweger Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´ a Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi Asma Imam Bas¸ak ˙ Ince Natalia Irrazabal Rasa Jankauskiene Ding-Yu Jiang Micaela Jim´enez-Borja Veronica ´ Jim´enez-Borja Evan M. Johnson Veljko Jovanovi´c Marija Jovi´c Marko Jovi´c Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira Lisa-Marie Kahle Adam Kantanista Ahmet Karakiraz Ays¸e Nur Karkin Erich Kasten Salam Khatib Nuannut Khieowan Patricia Joseph Kimong Litza Kiropoulos Joshua Knittel Neena Kohli Mirjam Koprivnik Aituar Kospakov Magdalena Krol-Zieli ´ nska Isabel Krug Garry Kuan Yee Cheng Kueh Omar Kujan Miljana Kuki´c Sanjay Kumar Vipul Kumar Nishtha Lamba Mary Anne Lauri Maria Fernanda Laus Liza April LeBlanc Hyejoo J. Lee Małgorzata Lipowska Mariusz Lipowski Caterina Lombardo Andrea Lukacs Christophe Maïano Sadia Malik Mandar Manjary Lidia Marquez ´ Baldo Martha Martinez-Banf Karlijn Massar Camilla Matera Olivia McAnirlin Mois´es Roberto Mebarak Anwar Mechri Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles Norbert Mesko Jacqueline Mills Maya Miyairi Ritu Modi Adriana Modrzejewska Justyna Modrzejewska Kate E. Mulgrew Taryn A. Myers Hikari Namatame Mohammad Zakaria Nassani Amanda Nerini F´elix Neto Joana Neto Angela Nogueira Neves Siu-Kuen Ng Devi Nithiya Jiaqing O Sahar Obeid Camila Oda-Montecinos Peter Olamakinde Olapegba Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin Salma Samir Omar Brynja Orlygsd ¨ ottir Emrah Ozsoy Tobias Otterbring Sabine Pahl Maria Serena Panasiti Yonguk Park Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary Tatiana Petho Nadezhda Petrova Jakob Pietschnig Sadaf Pourmahmoud Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu Vita Poˇstuvan Pavol Prokop Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter Magdalena Razmus Taotao Ru Mirjana Rupar Reza N. Sahlan Mohammad Salah Hassan Anđela Salov Saphal Sapkota Jacob Owusu Sarfo Yoko Sawamiya Katrin Schaefer Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck Veya Seekis Kerim Selvi Mehdi Sharif Anita Shrivastava Rumana Ferdousi Siddique Valdimar Sigurdsson Vineta Silkane Ana Simuni ˇ ´c Govind Singh Alena Sleza´ˇckova Christine Sundgot-Borgen Gill Ten Hoor Passagorn Tevichapong Arun Tipandjan Jennifer Todd Constantinos Togas Fernando Tonini Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud Pankaj Tripathi Otilia Tudorel Tracy L. Tylka Anar Uyzbayeva Zahir Vally Edmunds Vanags Luis Diego Vega Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena Jose Vidal-Mollon Roosevelt Vilar Hyxia Villegas Mona Vintila Christoph Wallner Simon Whitebridge Sonja Windhager Kah Yan Wong Eric Kenson Yau Yuko Yamamiya Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Marcelo Callegari Zanetti Magdalena Zawisza Nadine Zeeni Martina Zvaríkova Stefan Stieger BF712-724.85 Developmental psychology - Including infant psychology, child psychology, adolescence, adulthood QA273-280 Probabilities. Mathematical statistics Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negli gible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally. ResearchGate 2024 Article NonPeerReviewed text en https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41974/1/ABSTRACT.pdf text en https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41974/4/FULL%20TEXT.pdf Viren Swami and Mathew P. White and Martin Voracek and Ulrich S. Tran and Toivo Aavik and Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar and Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo and Reza Afhami and Oli Ahmed and Annie Aime and Marwan Akel and Hussam Al Halbusi and George Alexias and Khawla F. Ali and Nursel Alp-Dal and Anas B. Alsalhani and Sara Alvarez-Solas and Ana Carolina Soares Amaral and Sonny Andrianto and Trefor Aspden and Marios Argyrides and John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta and Stephen Atkin and Olusola Ayandele and Migle Baceviciene and Radvan Bahbouh and Andrea Ballesio and David Barron and Ashleigh Bellard and SoleySesselja ´ Bender and Kerime Derya Beydaǧ and Gorana Birovljevi´c and Marie-Eve ` Blackburn and Teresita Borja-Alvarez and Joanna Borowiec and Miroslava Bozog´ anov ˇ a and Solfrid Bratland-Sanda and MatthewH.E.M. Browning and Anna Brytek-Matera and Marina Burakova and Yeliz Çakır-Koçak and Pablo Camacho and Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri and Valentina Cazzato and Silvia Cerea and Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich and Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon and Tim Chambers and Qing-Wei Chen and Xin Chen and Chin-Lung Chien and Phatthanakit Chobthamkit and Bovornpot Choompunuch and Emilio J. Compte and Jennifer Corrigan and Getrude Cosmas Ah Gang and Richard G. Cowden and Kamila Czepczor-Bernat and Marcin Czub and Wanderson Roberto da Silva and Mahboubeh Dadfar and Simon E. Dalley and Lionel Dany and Jesus Alfonso D. Datu and Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho and Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho and Avila Odia S. De Jesus and Sonia Harzallah Debbabi and Sandesh Dhakal and Francesca Di Bernardo and Donka D. Dimitrova and Jacinthe Dion and Barnaby Dixson and Stacey M. Donofrio and Marius Drysch and Hongfei Du and Angel M. Dzhambov and Claire El-Jor and Violeta Enea and Mehmet Eskin and Farinaz Farbod and Lorleen Farrugia and Leonie Fian and Maryanne L. Fisher and Michał Folwarczny and David A. Frederick and Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz and Adrian Furnham and Antonio Alías García and Shulamit Geller and Marta Ghisi and Alireza Ghorbani and Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez and Sarah Gradidge and Sylvie Graf and Caterina Grano and Gyongyv ¨ ´er Gyene and Souheil Hallit and Motasem Hamdan and Jonathan E. Handelzalts and PaulH.P. Hanel and Steven R. Hawks and Issa Hekmati and Mai Helmy and Tetiana Hill and Farah Hina and Geraldine Holenweger and Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´ a and Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi and Asma Imam and Bas¸ak ˙ Ince and Natalia Irrazabal and Rasa Jankauskiene and Ding-Yu Jiang and Micaela Jim´enez-Borja and Veronica ´ Jim´enez-Borja and Evan M. Johnson and Veljko Jovanovi´c and Marija Jovi´c and Marko Jovi´c and Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira and Lisa-Marie Kahle and Adam Kantanista and Ahmet Karakiraz and Ays¸e Nur Karkin and Erich Kasten and Salam Khatib and Nuannut Khieowan and Patricia Joseph Kimong and Litza Kiropoulos and Joshua Knittel and Neena Kohli and Mirjam Koprivnik and Aituar Kospakov and Magdalena Krol-Zieli ´ nska and Isabel Krug and Garry Kuan and Yee Cheng Kueh and Omar Kujan and Miljana Kuki´c and Sanjay Kumar and Vipul Kumar and Nishtha Lamba and Mary Anne Lauri and Maria Fernanda Laus and Liza April LeBlanc and Hyejoo J. Lee and Małgorzata Lipowska and Mariusz Lipowski and Caterina Lombardo and Andrea Lukacs and Christophe Maïano and Sadia Malik and Mandar Manjary and Lidia Marquez ´ Baldo and Martha Martinez-Banf and Karlijn Massar and Camilla Matera and Olivia McAnirlin and Mois´es Roberto Mebarak and Anwar Mechri and Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles and Norbert Mesko and Jacqueline Mills and Maya Miyairi and Ritu Modi and Adriana Modrzejewska and Justyna Modrzejewska and Kate E. Mulgrew and Taryn A. Myers and Hikari Namatame and Mohammad Zakaria Nassani and Amanda Nerini and F´elix Neto and Joana Neto and Angela Nogueira Neves and Siu-Kuen Ng and Devi Nithiya and Jiaqing O and Sahar Obeid and Camila Oda-Montecinos and Peter Olamakinde Olapegba and Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin and Salma Samir Omar and Brynja Orlygsd ¨ ottir and Emrah Ozsoy and Tobias Otterbring and Sabine Pahl and Maria Serena Panasiti and Yonguk Park and Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary and Tatiana Petho and Nadezhda Petrova and Jakob Pietschnig and Sadaf Pourmahmoud and Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu and Vita Poˇstuvan and Pavol Prokop and Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter and Magdalena Razmus and Taotao Ru and Mirjana Rupar and Reza N. Sahlan and Mohammad Salah Hassan and Anđela Salov and Saphal Sapkota and Jacob Owusu Sarfo and Yoko Sawamiya and Katrin Schaefer and Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck and Veya Seekis and Kerim Selvi and Mehdi Sharif and Anita Shrivastava and Rumana Ferdousi Siddique and Valdimar Sigurdsson and Vineta Silkane and Ana Simuni ˇ ´c and Govind Singh and Alena Sleza´ˇckova and Christine Sundgot-Borgen and Gill Ten Hoor and Passagorn Tevichapong and Arun Tipandjan and Jennifer Todd and Constantinos Togas and Fernando Tonini and Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro and Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud and Pankaj Tripathi and Otilia Tudorel and Tracy L. Tylka and Anar Uyzbayeva and Zahir Vally and Edmunds Vanags and Luis Diego Vega and Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena and Jose Vidal-Mollon and Roosevelt Vilar and Hyxia Villegas and Mona Vintila and Christoph Wallner and Simon Whitebridge and Sonja Windhager and Kah Yan Wong and Eric Kenson Yau and Yuko Yamamiya and Victoria Wai Lan Yeung and Marcelo Callegari Zanetti and Magdalena Zawisza and Nadine Zeeni and Martina Zvaríkova and Stefan Stieger (2024) Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 99. pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102432
spellingShingle	BF712-724.85 Developmental psychology - Including infant psychology, child psychology, adolescence, adulthood QA273-280 Probabilities. Mathematical statistics Viren Swami Mathew P. White Martin Voracek Ulrich S. Tran Toivo Aavik Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo Reza Afhami Oli Ahmed Annie Aime Marwan Akel Hussam Al Halbusi George Alexias Khawla F. Ali Nursel Alp-Dal Anas B. Alsalhani Sara Alvarez-Solas Ana Carolina Soares Amaral Sonny Andrianto Trefor Aspden Marios Argyrides John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta Stephen Atkin Olusola Ayandele Migle Baceviciene Radvan Bahbouh Andrea Ballesio David Barron Ashleigh Bellard SoleySesselja ´ Bender Kerime Derya Beydaǧ Gorana Birovljevi´c Marie-Eve ` Blackburn Teresita Borja-Alvarez Joanna Borowiec Miroslava Bozog´ anov ˇ a Solfrid Bratland-Sanda MatthewH.E.M. Browning Anna Brytek-Matera Marina Burakova Yeliz Çakır-Koçak Pablo Camacho Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri Valentina Cazzato Silvia Cerea Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon Tim Chambers Qing-Wei Chen Xin Chen Chin-Lung Chien Phatthanakit Chobthamkit Bovornpot Choompunuch Emilio J. Compte Jennifer Corrigan Getrude Cosmas Ah Gang Richard G. Cowden Kamila Czepczor-Bernat Marcin Czub Wanderson Roberto da Silva Mahboubeh Dadfar Simon E. Dalley Lionel Dany Jesus Alfonso D. Datu Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho Avila Odia S. De Jesus Sonia Harzallah Debbabi Sandesh Dhakal Francesca Di Bernardo Donka D. Dimitrova Jacinthe Dion Barnaby Dixson Stacey M. Donofrio Marius Drysch Hongfei Du Angel M. Dzhambov Claire El-Jor Violeta Enea Mehmet Eskin Farinaz Farbod Lorleen Farrugia Leonie Fian Maryanne L. Fisher Michał Folwarczny David A. Frederick Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Adrian Furnham Antonio Alías García Shulamit Geller Marta Ghisi Alireza Ghorbani Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez Sarah Gradidge Sylvie Graf Caterina Grano Gyongyv ¨ ´er Gyene Souheil Hallit Motasem Hamdan Jonathan E. Handelzalts PaulH.P. Hanel Steven R. Hawks Issa Hekmati Mai Helmy Tetiana Hill Farah Hina Geraldine Holenweger Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´ a Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi Asma Imam Bas¸ak ˙ Ince Natalia Irrazabal Rasa Jankauskiene Ding-Yu Jiang Micaela Jim´enez-Borja Veronica ´ Jim´enez-Borja Evan M. Johnson Veljko Jovanovi´c Marija Jovi´c Marko Jovi´c Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira Lisa-Marie Kahle Adam Kantanista Ahmet Karakiraz Ays¸e Nur Karkin Erich Kasten Salam Khatib Nuannut Khieowan Patricia Joseph Kimong Litza Kiropoulos Joshua Knittel Neena Kohli Mirjam Koprivnik Aituar Kospakov Magdalena Krol-Zieli ´ nska Isabel Krug Garry Kuan Yee Cheng Kueh Omar Kujan Miljana Kuki´c Sanjay Kumar Vipul Kumar Nishtha Lamba Mary Anne Lauri Maria Fernanda Laus Liza April LeBlanc Hyejoo J. Lee Małgorzata Lipowska Mariusz Lipowski Caterina Lombardo Andrea Lukacs Christophe Maïano Sadia Malik Mandar Manjary Lidia Marquez ´ Baldo Martha Martinez-Banf Karlijn Massar Camilla Matera Olivia McAnirlin Mois´es Roberto Mebarak Anwar Mechri Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles Norbert Mesko Jacqueline Mills Maya Miyairi Ritu Modi Adriana Modrzejewska Justyna Modrzejewska Kate E. Mulgrew Taryn A. Myers Hikari Namatame Mohammad Zakaria Nassani Amanda Nerini F´elix Neto Joana Neto Angela Nogueira Neves Siu-Kuen Ng Devi Nithiya Jiaqing O Sahar Obeid Camila Oda-Montecinos Peter Olamakinde Olapegba Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin Salma Samir Omar Brynja Orlygsd ¨ ottir Emrah Ozsoy Tobias Otterbring Sabine Pahl Maria Serena Panasiti Yonguk Park Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary Tatiana Petho Nadezhda Petrova Jakob Pietschnig Sadaf Pourmahmoud Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu Vita Poˇstuvan Pavol Prokop Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter Magdalena Razmus Taotao Ru Mirjana Rupar Reza N. Sahlan Mohammad Salah Hassan Anđela Salov Saphal Sapkota Jacob Owusu Sarfo Yoko Sawamiya Katrin Schaefer Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck Veya Seekis Kerim Selvi Mehdi Sharif Anita Shrivastava Rumana Ferdousi Siddique Valdimar Sigurdsson Vineta Silkane Ana Simuni ˇ ´c Govind Singh Alena Sleza´ˇckova Christine Sundgot-Borgen Gill Ten Hoor Passagorn Tevichapong Arun Tipandjan Jennifer Todd Constantinos Togas Fernando Tonini Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud Pankaj Tripathi Otilia Tudorel Tracy L. Tylka Anar Uyzbayeva Zahir Vally Edmunds Vanags Luis Diego Vega Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena Jose Vidal-Mollon Roosevelt Vilar Hyxia Villegas Mona Vintila Christoph Wallner Simon Whitebridge Sonja Windhager Kah Yan Wong Eric Kenson Yau Yuko Yamamiya Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Marcelo Callegari Zanetti Magdalena Zawisza Nadine Zeeni Martina Zvaríkova Stefan Stieger Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
title	Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
title_full	Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
title_fullStr	Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
title_full_unstemmed	Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
title_short	Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
title_sort	exposure and connectedness to natural environments an examination of the measurement invariance of the nature exposure scale nes and connectedness to nature scale cns across 65 nations 40 languages gender identities and age groups
topic	BF712-724.85 Developmental psychology - Including infant psychology, child psychology, adolescence, adulthood QA273-280 Probabilities. Mathematical statistics
url	https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41974/1/ABSTRACT.pdf https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41974/4/FULL%20TEXT.pdf
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exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT shulamitgeller exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT martaghisi exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT alirezaghorbani exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT mariaangelesgomezmartinez 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exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT farahhina exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT geraldineholenweger exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT martinahˇrebiˇckova exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT olasupoaugustineijabadeniyi exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT asmaimam exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT basakince exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT nataliairrazabal exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT rasajankauskiene exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT dingyujiang exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT micaelajimenezborja exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT veronicajimenezborja exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT evanmjohnson exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT veljkojovanovic exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT marijajovic exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT markojovic exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT alessandracostapereirajunqueira exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT lisamariekahle exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT adamkantanista exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT ahmetkarakiraz exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT aysenurkarkin exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT erichkasten exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT salamkhatib exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT nuannutkhieowan exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT patriciajosephkimong exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT litzakiropoulos exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT joshuaknittel exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT neenakohli exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT mirjamkoprivnik exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT aituarkospakov exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT magdalenakrolzielinska exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT isabelkrug exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT garrykuan exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT yeechengkueh exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT omarkujan exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT miljanakukic exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT sanjaykumar 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exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT caterinalombardo exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT andrealukacs exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT christophemaiano exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT sadiamalik exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT mandarmanjary exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT lidiamarquezbaldo exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT marthamartinezbanf exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT karlijnmassar exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT camillamatera exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT oliviamcanirlin exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT moisesrobertomebarak exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT anwarmechri 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exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT felixneto exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT joananeto exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT angelanogueiraneves exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT siukuenng exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT devinithiya exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT jiaqingo exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT saharobeid exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT camilaodamontecinos 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exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT emrahozsoy exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT tobiasotterbring exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT sabinepahl exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT mariaserenapanasiti 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exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT mirjanarupar exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT rezansahlan exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT mohammadsalahhassan exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT anđelasalov exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT saphalsapkota exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT jacobowususarfo exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT yokosawamiya exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT katrinschaefer exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT michaelschultemecklenbeck exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT veyaseekis exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT kerimselvi exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT mehdisharif exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT anitashrivastava exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT rumanaferdousisiddique exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT valdimarsigurdsson exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT vinetasilkane exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT anasimuniˇc exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT govindsingh exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT alenaslezaˇckova exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT christinesundgotborgen exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT gilltenhoor exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT passagorntevichapong exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT aruntipandjan exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT jennifertodd exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT constantinostogas exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT fernandotonini exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT juancamilotovarcastro exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT lisekatrinejepsentrangsrud exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT pankajtripathi exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT otiliatudorel exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT tracyltylka exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT anaruyzbayeva exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT zahirvally exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT edmundsvanags exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT luisdiegovega exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT aitorvicentearruebarrena exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT josevidalmollon exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT rooseveltvilar exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT hyxiavillegas exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT monavintila exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT christophwallner exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT simonwhitebridge exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT sonjawindhager exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT kahyanwong exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT erickensonyau exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT yukoyamamiya exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT victoriawailanyeung exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT marcelocallegarizanetti exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT magdalenazawisza exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT nadinezeeni exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT martinazvarikova exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups AT stefanstieger exposureandconnectednesstonaturalenvironmentsanexaminationofthemeasurementinvarianceofthenatureexposurescalenesandconnectednesstonaturescalecnsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups

Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

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