Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission
Urea–nitrogen is commonly lost through ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification, and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. Rejected sago starch (RSS), which is a by-product of sago flour extraction, could be used to minimize NH3 volatilization from urea. Urea granules were coated with different concentratio...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI
2022
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| author | Kavitha, Rajan Latifah, Omar Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna Primus, Walter Charles Susilawati, Kasim |
| author_facet | Kavitha, Rajan Latifah, Omar Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna Primus, Walter Charles Susilawati, Kasim |
| author_sort | Kavitha, Rajan |
| collection | UPM |
| description | Urea–nitrogen is commonly lost through ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification, and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. Rejected sago starch (RSS), which is a by-product of sago flour extraction, could be used to minimize NH3 volatilization from urea. Urea granules were coated with different concentrations of RSS (2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%), and their effects on NH3 emission, soil pH, exchangeable ammonium (NH4+), and available NO3− were determined. The urea was coated with RSS and homogenized using a mini rotary machine. The RSS-coated urea granules were dyed to differentiate their concentrations. The effectiveness of the RSS as a coating material was determined using a closed-dynamic air flow system. The soil used in the NH3 volatilization was the Bekenu series (Sandy loam, Typic Paleudults). This study compared seven different mixture treatments: soil alone (S), 5 g of uncoated urea (U), 5 g of 2% RSS-coated urea (CU1), 5 g of 3% RSS-coated urea (CU2), 5 g of 4% RSS-coated urea (CU3), 5 g of 5% RSS-coated urea (CU4), and 5 g of 6% RSS-coated urea (CU5). Urea coated with RSS, particularly CU1, effectively minimized NH3 loss and improved the retention of soil exchangeable NH4+ and available NO3− compared with uncoated urea because the RSS serves as a barrier to minimizing the concentration of NH3 from urea hydrolysis. Urea could be coated with RSS at the 2% concentration to enhance urea–N efficiency through a reduction in NH3 emission from urea. RSS-coated urea could be an alternative for farmers because of its controlled release of N and economical benefits. Field planting using rice as a test crop to solidify the effectiveness of RSS-coated urea in improving N retention from urea is still ongoing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-25T03:37:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm.eprints-103021 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-25T03:37:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-1030212024-06-23T01:11:28Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103021/ Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission Kavitha, Rajan Latifah, Omar Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna Primus, Walter Charles Susilawati, Kasim Urea–nitrogen is commonly lost through ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification, and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. Rejected sago starch (RSS), which is a by-product of sago flour extraction, could be used to minimize NH3 volatilization from urea. Urea granules were coated with different concentrations of RSS (2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%), and their effects on NH3 emission, soil pH, exchangeable ammonium (NH4+), and available NO3− were determined. The urea was coated with RSS and homogenized using a mini rotary machine. The RSS-coated urea granules were dyed to differentiate their concentrations. The effectiveness of the RSS as a coating material was determined using a closed-dynamic air flow system. The soil used in the NH3 volatilization was the Bekenu series (Sandy loam, Typic Paleudults). This study compared seven different mixture treatments: soil alone (S), 5 g of uncoated urea (U), 5 g of 2% RSS-coated urea (CU1), 5 g of 3% RSS-coated urea (CU2), 5 g of 4% RSS-coated urea (CU3), 5 g of 5% RSS-coated urea (CU4), and 5 g of 6% RSS-coated urea (CU5). Urea coated with RSS, particularly CU1, effectively minimized NH3 loss and improved the retention of soil exchangeable NH4+ and available NO3− compared with uncoated urea because the RSS serves as a barrier to minimizing the concentration of NH3 from urea hydrolysis. Urea could be coated with RSS at the 2% concentration to enhance urea–N efficiency through a reduction in NH3 emission from urea. RSS-coated urea could be an alternative for farmers because of its controlled release of N and economical benefits. Field planting using rice as a test crop to solidify the effectiveness of RSS-coated urea in improving N retention from urea is still ongoing. MDPI 2022 Article PeerReviewed Kavitha, Rajan and Latifah, Omar and Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna and Primus, Walter Charles and Susilawati, Kasim (2022) Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission. Agronomy, 12 (4). art. no. 941. pp. 1-17. ISSN 2073-4395 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/941 10.3390/agronomy12040941 |
| spellingShingle | Kavitha, Rajan Latifah, Omar Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna Primus, Walter Charles Susilawati, Kasim Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission |
| title | Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission |
| title_full | Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission |
| title_fullStr | Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission |
| title_short | Rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea-nitrogen emission |
| title_sort | rejected sago starch as a coating material to mitigate urea nitrogen emission |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kavitharajan rejectedsagostarchasacoatingmaterialtomitigateureanitrogenemission AT latifahomar rejectedsagostarchasacoatingmaterialtomitigateureanitrogenemission AT ahmedosumanuharuna rejectedsagostarchasacoatingmaterialtomitigateureanitrogenemission AT primuswaltercharles rejectedsagostarchasacoatingmaterialtomitigateureanitrogenemission AT susilawatikasim rejectedsagostarchasacoatingmaterialtomitigateureanitrogenemission |