In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus
Background: Cellulitis is a common skin disease encountered in medical emergencies in hospitals. It can be treated using a combination of antibiotics therapy; however, the causative agent Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to develop resistance towards the currently used antibiotics. Therefor...
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| Format: | Article |
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BioMed Central
2023
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| _version_ | 1825939750349963264 |
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| author | Toh, Seng Chiew Lihan, Samuel Bunya, Scholastica Ramih Leong, Sui Sien |
| author_facet | Toh, Seng Chiew Lihan, Samuel Bunya, Scholastica Ramih Leong, Sui Sien |
| author_sort | Toh, Seng Chiew |
| collection | UPM |
| description | Background: Cellulitis is a common skin disease encountered in medical emergencies in hospitals. It can be treated
using a combination of antibiotics therapy; however, the causative agent Staphylococcus aureus has been reported
to develop resistance towards the currently used antibiotics. Therefore, the search for more alternative herbal origin
antimicrobial agents is critical. Aim: In this study, maceration and Soxhlet extraction of the whole plant of Cassia alata
Linn. (leaves, roots, and stem) were performed using four solvents with diferent polarities, namely n-hexane, ethyl
acetate, ethanol and distilled water. The crude extracts were screened using agar well difusion, colorimetric broth
microdilution, grid culture and bacterial growth curve analysis against Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemicals in
the crude extracts were identifed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS).
Results: Agar-well difusion analysis revealed that extraction using ethyl acetate showed the largest inhibition
zone with an average diameter of 15.30 mm (root Soxhlet extract) followed by 14.70 mm (leaf Soxhlet extract) and
13.70 mm (root maceration extract). The lowest minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration in
root Soxhlet extract using ethyl acetate was 0.313 and 0.625 µg µL−1
, respectively. Our study proved that crude
extract of the plant suppressed the growth of S. aureus as evidenced from a signifcant regression extension (p<0.06,
p=0.00003) of lag phase for 6 h after the treatment with increased concentration. Based on the GC–MS analysis, 88
phytochemicals consist of fatty acids, esters, alkanes, phenols, fatty alcohols, sesquiterpenoids and macrocycle that
possibly contributed to the antimicrobial properties were identifed, 32 of which were previously characterized for
their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-infammatory activities.
Conclusion: Ethyl acetate crude extract was better than the other investigated solvents. The root and stem of C. alata
showed signifcant antimicrobial efcacy against S. aureus in this study. The remaining 56 out of 88 phytochemicals of
the plant should be intensively studied for more medicinal uses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-25T03:41:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm.eprints-109322 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-25T03:41:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | BioMed Central |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-1093222024-08-16T07:53:57Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109322/ In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus Toh, Seng Chiew Lihan, Samuel Bunya, Scholastica Ramih Leong, Sui Sien Background: Cellulitis is a common skin disease encountered in medical emergencies in hospitals. It can be treated using a combination of antibiotics therapy; however, the causative agent Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to develop resistance towards the currently used antibiotics. Therefore, the search for more alternative herbal origin antimicrobial agents is critical. Aim: In this study, maceration and Soxhlet extraction of the whole plant of Cassia alata Linn. (leaves, roots, and stem) were performed using four solvents with diferent polarities, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water. The crude extracts were screened using agar well difusion, colorimetric broth microdilution, grid culture and bacterial growth curve analysis against Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemicals in the crude extracts were identifed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: Agar-well difusion analysis revealed that extraction using ethyl acetate showed the largest inhibition zone with an average diameter of 15.30 mm (root Soxhlet extract) followed by 14.70 mm (leaf Soxhlet extract) and 13.70 mm (root maceration extract). The lowest minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration in root Soxhlet extract using ethyl acetate was 0.313 and 0.625 µg µL−1 , respectively. Our study proved that crude extract of the plant suppressed the growth of S. aureus as evidenced from a signifcant regression extension (p<0.06, p=0.00003) of lag phase for 6 h after the treatment with increased concentration. Based on the GC–MS analysis, 88 phytochemicals consist of fatty acids, esters, alkanes, phenols, fatty alcohols, sesquiterpenoids and macrocycle that possibly contributed to the antimicrobial properties were identifed, 32 of which were previously characterized for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-infammatory activities. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate crude extract was better than the other investigated solvents. The root and stem of C. alata showed signifcant antimicrobial efcacy against S. aureus in this study. The remaining 56 out of 88 phytochemicals of the plant should be intensively studied for more medicinal uses. BioMed Central 2023-03-18 Article PeerReviewed Toh, Seng Chiew and Lihan, Samuel and Bunya, Scholastica Ramih and Leong, Sui Sien (2023) In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23 (1). art. no. 85. pp. 1-17. ISSN 2662-7671 https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-023-03914-z 10.1186/s12906-023-03914-z |
| spellingShingle | Toh, Seng Chiew Lihan, Samuel Bunya, Scholastica Ramih Leong, Sui Sien In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus |
| title | In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus |
| title_full | In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus |
| title_fullStr | In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus |
| title_full_unstemmed | In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus |
| title_short | In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus |
| title_sort | in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of cassia alata linn leaves stem and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent staphylococcus aureus |
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