Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation
Clinacanthus nutans has had a long history of use in folk medicine in Malaysia and Southeast Asia; mostly in the relief of inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of different extracts of C. nutans upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in order to identify it...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Research Foundation
2016
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/54773/1/Mechanisms%20underlying%20the%20anti-inflammatory%20effects%20of%20Clinacanthus%20nutans%20lindau%20extracts.pdf |
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| author | Mai, Chun Wai Yap, Ivan Kok Seng Kho, Mee Teck Ismail, Nor Hadiani Yusoff, Khatijah Shaari, Khozirah Chin, Swee Yee Lim, Swee Hua Erin |
| author_facet | Mai, Chun Wai Yap, Ivan Kok Seng Kho, Mee Teck Ismail, Nor Hadiani Yusoff, Khatijah Shaari, Khozirah Chin, Swee Yee Lim, Swee Hua Erin |
| author_sort | Mai, Chun Wai |
| collection | UPM |
| description | Clinacanthus nutans has had a long history of use in folk medicine in Malaysia and Southeast Asia; mostly in the relief of inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of different extracts of C. nutans upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in order to identify its mechanism of action. Extracts of leaves and stem bark of C. nutans were prepared using polar and non-polar solvents to produce four extracts, namely polar leaf extract (LP), non-polar leaf extract (LN), polar stem extract (SP), and non-polar stem extracts (SN). The extracts were standardized by determining its total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Its anti-inflammatory effects were assessed on LPS induced nitrite release in RAW264.7 macrophages and Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) activation in TLR-4 transfected human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-BlueTM-hTLR4 cells). The levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-17) in treated RAW264.7 macrophages were quantified to verify its anti-inflammatory effects. Western blotting was used to investigate the effect of the most potent extract (LP) on TLR-4 related inflammatory proteins (p65, p38, ERK, JNK, IRF3) in RAW264.7 macrophages. All four extracts produced a significant, concentration-dependent reduction in LPS-stimulated nitric oxide, LPS-induced TLR-4 activation in HEK-BlueTM-hTLR4 cells and LPS-stimulated cytokines production in RAW264.7 macrophages. The most potent extract, LP, also inhibited all LPS-induced TLR-4 inflammatory proteins. These results provide a basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying the previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of C. nutans extracts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T09:21:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm.eprints-54773 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T09:21:32Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Frontiers Research Foundation |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-547732018-04-23T07:30:53Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/54773/ Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation Mai, Chun Wai Yap, Ivan Kok Seng Kho, Mee Teck Ismail, Nor Hadiani Yusoff, Khatijah Shaari, Khozirah Chin, Swee Yee Lim, Swee Hua Erin Clinacanthus nutans has had a long history of use in folk medicine in Malaysia and Southeast Asia; mostly in the relief of inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of different extracts of C. nutans upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in order to identify its mechanism of action. Extracts of leaves and stem bark of C. nutans were prepared using polar and non-polar solvents to produce four extracts, namely polar leaf extract (LP), non-polar leaf extract (LN), polar stem extract (SP), and non-polar stem extracts (SN). The extracts were standardized by determining its total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Its anti-inflammatory effects were assessed on LPS induced nitrite release in RAW264.7 macrophages and Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) activation in TLR-4 transfected human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-BlueTM-hTLR4 cells). The levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-17) in treated RAW264.7 macrophages were quantified to verify its anti-inflammatory effects. Western blotting was used to investigate the effect of the most potent extract (LP) on TLR-4 related inflammatory proteins (p65, p38, ERK, JNK, IRF3) in RAW264.7 macrophages. All four extracts produced a significant, concentration-dependent reduction in LPS-stimulated nitric oxide, LPS-induced TLR-4 activation in HEK-BlueTM-hTLR4 cells and LPS-stimulated cytokines production in RAW264.7 macrophages. The most potent extract, LP, also inhibited all LPS-induced TLR-4 inflammatory proteins. These results provide a basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying the previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of C. nutans extracts. Frontiers Research Foundation 2016 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/54773/1/Mechanisms%20underlying%20the%20anti-inflammatory%20effects%20of%20Clinacanthus%20nutans%20lindau%20extracts.pdf Mai, Chun Wai and Yap, Ivan Kok Seng and Kho, Mee Teck and Ismail, Nor Hadiani and Yusoff, Khatijah and Shaari, Khozirah and Chin, Swee Yee and Lim, Swee Hua Erin (2016) Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7 (7). pp. 1-11. ISSN ESSN: 1663-9812 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2016.00007/full 10.3389/fphar.2016.00007 |
| spellingShingle | Mai, Chun Wai Yap, Ivan Kok Seng Kho, Mee Teck Ismail, Nor Hadiani Yusoff, Khatijah Shaari, Khozirah Chin, Swee Yee Lim, Swee Hua Erin Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation |
| title | Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation |
| title_full | Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation |
| title_short | Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts: inhibition of cytokine production and Toll-like receptor-4 activation |
| title_sort | mechanisms underlying the anti inflammatory effects of clinacanthus nutans lindau extracts inhibition of cytokine production and toll like receptor 4 activation |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/54773/1/Mechanisms%20underlying%20the%20anti-inflammatory%20effects%20of%20Clinacanthus%20nutans%20lindau%20extracts.pdf |
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