Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India
This study examines the impact of population on food security, health care and education expenditure between China and India. The increase in population especially in size and growth increases the challenges to countries like China and India in ensuring sufficient food, healthy life and educat...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2016
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66836/1/FEP%202016%2035%20IR.pdf |
| _version_ | 1796978387772768256 |
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| author | Nordin, Nurhaiza |
| author_facet | Nordin, Nurhaiza |
| author_sort | Nordin, Nurhaiza |
| collection | UPM |
| description | This study examines the impact of population on food security, health care and
education expenditure between China and India. The increase in population
especially in size and growth increases the challenges to countries like China
and India in ensuring sufficient food, healthy life and education level. The
objective of this study is first to examine the effects of population and food
dimension on food security; second to investigate the impact of population on
health care expenditure and the third objective is to investigate the impact of
young population on education expenditure in China and India. The
Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) developed by Pesaran et al. (2001)
was employed for the analysis and data cover period from 1970-2012. The
empirical result showed that population has an impact on food security and at
the same time, food dimension played an important role to ensure sufficient
food. The increase in population has an impact on food security, which means
that when food demands increase, food security will decrease. However, with
the three food dimension; food availability, food accessibility and food
utilization, food are secured and sufficient to support the demand. The impact
of population and food dimension on food security is higher in China in the
long-run rather than in India but lower in short-run. The impacts on population
and population ages structure on health care expenditure have serious issues.
Health is important to ensure a healthy life, thus a positive relationship exists
between population and health care expenditure. The impact of population size
on health care expenditure is higher in China than India, while for population
growth, it is vice versa means higher in India than in China. Looking into the
population ages structure, the relationship between population ages 0-14
years, 15-64 years and 65 years and above has a positive impact on health
care expenditure both in long-run and short-run estimation. Population ages 0-
14 years, result estimates that the impact of population on health care
expenditure are higher in China, but for population ages 15-64 years and 65 years and above are higher in India than in China both in long-run and short
run estimation. The third objective is the relationship between the young
populations with the education expenditure. The result confirms that, increase
in young population had positive and significant impact on education
expenditure. In the long-run, the impact of young population on education
expenditure were higher in India rather than China. However, in the short-run
China had a higher impact than India. The findings confirm that population
have an impact on food security, health care and education expenditure in
China and India. For the recommendation, firstly, ensure the food security with
the increase in population. Being aware that food security measures dietary
energy supply adequacy where people can easily access to food at all time.
Then, food dimension itself, plays a crucial role in ensuring a sufficient and
adequate food. Lastly, health care and education both are crucial and much
needed in developed and developing countries as healthy and educated
community builds great nation. A policy aimed in encouraging health care and
education where it requires creating a fitter and more productive society to
support China’s and India’s economic development and growth. The people of
today shapes the world of tomorrow. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T09:53:50Z |
| format | Thesis |
| id | upm.eprints-66836 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T09:53:50Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-668362019-02-01T08:04:27Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66836/ Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India Nordin, Nurhaiza This study examines the impact of population on food security, health care and education expenditure between China and India. The increase in population especially in size and growth increases the challenges to countries like China and India in ensuring sufficient food, healthy life and education level. The objective of this study is first to examine the effects of population and food dimension on food security; second to investigate the impact of population on health care expenditure and the third objective is to investigate the impact of young population on education expenditure in China and India. The Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) was employed for the analysis and data cover period from 1970-2012. The empirical result showed that population has an impact on food security and at the same time, food dimension played an important role to ensure sufficient food. The increase in population has an impact on food security, which means that when food demands increase, food security will decrease. However, with the three food dimension; food availability, food accessibility and food utilization, food are secured and sufficient to support the demand. The impact of population and food dimension on food security is higher in China in the long-run rather than in India but lower in short-run. The impacts on population and population ages structure on health care expenditure have serious issues. Health is important to ensure a healthy life, thus a positive relationship exists between population and health care expenditure. The impact of population size on health care expenditure is higher in China than India, while for population growth, it is vice versa means higher in India than in China. Looking into the population ages structure, the relationship between population ages 0-14 years, 15-64 years and 65 years and above has a positive impact on health care expenditure both in long-run and short-run estimation. Population ages 0- 14 years, result estimates that the impact of population on health care expenditure are higher in China, but for population ages 15-64 years and 65 years and above are higher in India than in China both in long-run and short run estimation. The third objective is the relationship between the young populations with the education expenditure. The result confirms that, increase in young population had positive and significant impact on education expenditure. In the long-run, the impact of young population on education expenditure were higher in India rather than China. However, in the short-run China had a higher impact than India. The findings confirm that population have an impact on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India. For the recommendation, firstly, ensure the food security with the increase in population. Being aware that food security measures dietary energy supply adequacy where people can easily access to food at all time. Then, food dimension itself, plays a crucial role in ensuring a sufficient and adequate food. Lastly, health care and education both are crucial and much needed in developed and developing countries as healthy and educated community builds great nation. A policy aimed in encouraging health care and education where it requires creating a fitter and more productive society to support China’s and India’s economic development and growth. The people of today shapes the world of tomorrow. 2016-09 Thesis NonPeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66836/1/FEP%202016%2035%20IR.pdf Nordin, Nurhaiza (2016) Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Food security - China Food security - India Education - Expenditure - China |
| spellingShingle | Food security - China Food security - India Education - Expenditure - China Nordin, Nurhaiza Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India |
| title | Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India |
| title_full | Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India |
| title_fullStr | Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India |
| title_short | Effects of population on food security, health care and education expenditure in China and India |
| title_sort | effects of population on food security health care and education expenditure in china and india |
| topic | Food security - China Food security - India Education - Expenditure - China |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66836/1/FEP%202016%2035%20IR.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nordinnurhaiza effectsofpopulationonfoodsecurityhealthcareandeducationexpenditureinchinaandindia |