Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate
BACKGROUND: Squalene was concentrated from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in this study using commercial immobilised Candida antarctica lipase (Novozyme 435®). The PFAD was neutralised (NPFAD) using an alkali to liberate the free fatty acids and then hydrolysed at 65 ± 1 °C. The enzymatic hydroly...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English |
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Wiley Interscience
2008
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7396/1/Optimisation%20of%20enzymatic%20hydrolysis%20for%20concentration%20of%20squalene%20in%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate.pdf |
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| author | Chua, Camilla Soo Leng Baharin, Badlishah Sham Che Man, Yaakob Tan, Chin Ping |
| author_facet | Chua, Camilla Soo Leng Baharin, Badlishah Sham Che Man, Yaakob Tan, Chin Ping |
| author_sort | Chua, Camilla Soo Leng |
| collection | UPM |
| description | BACKGROUND: Squalene was concentrated from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in this study using commercial immobilised Candida antarctica lipase (Novozyme 435®). The PFAD was neutralised (NPFAD) using an alkali to liberate the free fatty acids and then hydrolysed at 65 ± 1 °C. The enzymatic hydrolysis on NPFAD was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) before being neutralised again to obtain a concentrated squalene fraction.
RESULTS: A five-level, three-factor central composite rotatable design was adopted to evaluate the effects of the enzymatic hydrolysis parameters reaction time (4-12 h), water content (50-70% w/w) and enzyme concentration (1.5-3.5% w/w) on the percentage yield of squalene concentration. The optimal reaction parameters for maximum yield of squalene concentration were identified from the respective contour plots. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were a reaction time of 7.05 h, a water content of 61.40% w/w and an enzyme concentration of 2.23% w/w.
CONCLUSION: RSM was used to determine the optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of NPFAD with C. antarctica lipase for maximum recovery of squalene which could be implemented on an industrial scale. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T07:12:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm.eprints-7396 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| language | English English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T07:12:07Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Wiley Interscience |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-73962015-11-24T03:57:35Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7396/ Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate Chua, Camilla Soo Leng Baharin, Badlishah Sham Che Man, Yaakob Tan, Chin Ping BACKGROUND: Squalene was concentrated from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in this study using commercial immobilised Candida antarctica lipase (Novozyme 435®). The PFAD was neutralised (NPFAD) using an alkali to liberate the free fatty acids and then hydrolysed at 65 ± 1 °C. The enzymatic hydrolysis on NPFAD was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) before being neutralised again to obtain a concentrated squalene fraction. RESULTS: A five-level, three-factor central composite rotatable design was adopted to evaluate the effects of the enzymatic hydrolysis parameters reaction time (4-12 h), water content (50-70% w/w) and enzyme concentration (1.5-3.5% w/w) on the percentage yield of squalene concentration. The optimal reaction parameters for maximum yield of squalene concentration were identified from the respective contour plots. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were a reaction time of 7.05 h, a water content of 61.40% w/w and an enzyme concentration of 2.23% w/w. CONCLUSION: RSM was used to determine the optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of NPFAD with C. antarctica lipase for maximum recovery of squalene which could be implemented on an industrial scale. Wiley Interscience 2008 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7396/1/Optimisation%20of%20enzymatic%20hydrolysis%20for%20concentration%20of%20squalene%20in%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate.pdf Chua, Camilla Soo Leng and Baharin, Badlishah Sham and Che Man, Yaakob and Tan, Chin Ping (2008) Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88 (9). pp. 1512-1517. ISSN 0022-5142 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3237 English |
| spellingShingle | Chua, Camilla Soo Leng Baharin, Badlishah Sham Che Man, Yaakob Tan, Chin Ping Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate |
| title | Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate |
| title_full | Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate |
| title_fullStr | Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate |
| title_short | Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate |
| title_sort | optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for concentration of squalene in palm fatty acid distillate |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7396/1/Optimisation%20of%20enzymatic%20hydrolysis%20for%20concentration%20of%20squalene%20in%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate.pdf |
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