Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction
Waste palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of the oil palm biomasses with high potential for value-added materials. Waste PKC was characterized and the effect of reaction temperature of subcritical water treatment on the production of value-added materials was assessed. Next, the effect of reac...
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2019
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85465/1/FK%202019%20152%20-%20ir.pdf |
| _version_ | 1796981622773383168 |
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| author | Raja Zazalli, Raja Munawarrah |
| author_facet | Raja Zazalli, Raja Munawarrah |
| author_sort | Raja Zazalli, Raja Munawarrah |
| collection | UPM |
| description | Waste palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of the oil palm biomasses with high potential for value-added
materials. Waste PKC was characterized and the effect of reaction temperature of subcritical water
treatment on the production of value-added materials was assessed. Next, the effect of
reaction time on the production of value-added materials, especially sugar was investigated.
Firstly, the subcritical water of waste PKC was carried out from 140 °C to 300 °C for 5 minutes.
The highest residual oil yield was 48.52 mg/g dry matter at 230 °C. Thus, subcritical water
treatment displayed maximum oil extraction at 230 °C. The dielectric constant was proved to be
correlated with oil extraction with a correlation coefficient of -0.72. Total organic carbon (26.59
mg/g dry matter) and total sugar yield (302.73 mg/g dry matter) were the highest at 220 °C, as ion
product was correlated with the total organic carbon yield with a correlation
coefficient of +0.84. The monosaccharides detected were mannose, glucose, and arabinose.
Tar yield showed an increasing trend from 220 °C to 300 °C with the highest tar yield of 136.92
mg/g dry matter at 300 °C; whereas, the total phenolic compound has the highest yield of
11.70 mg/g dry matter at 280 °C. Solid residue yield showed a decreasing trend as temperature
increased with the lowest residue of 298.22 mg/g dry matter at 300 °C, due to the rapid
degradation of waste PKC at higher temperatures. Secondly, the reaction temperature (220
°C) with the highest sugar yield was selected to investigate the effect of reaction time ranging
from 1 to 15 min. The effect of reaction time was less signifi ant when compared to
reaction temperature, especially for sugar
production.
Thus, the value-added materials could be selectively produced by varying reaction temperature
whereas varying reaction time is less significant. Based on the results, the highest total sugar
yield was obtained at 220 °C for 5 min. This study suggests the application of subcritical water
treatment as a promising treatment medium for
converting waste PKC into value-added materials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T10:40:18Z |
| format | Thesis |
| id | upm.eprints-85465 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T10:40:18Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-854652021-12-16T01:12:37Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85465/ Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction Raja Zazalli, Raja Munawarrah Waste palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of the oil palm biomasses with high potential for value-added materials. Waste PKC was characterized and the effect of reaction temperature of subcritical water treatment on the production of value-added materials was assessed. Next, the effect of reaction time on the production of value-added materials, especially sugar was investigated. Firstly, the subcritical water of waste PKC was carried out from 140 °C to 300 °C for 5 minutes. The highest residual oil yield was 48.52 mg/g dry matter at 230 °C. Thus, subcritical water treatment displayed maximum oil extraction at 230 °C. The dielectric constant was proved to be correlated with oil extraction with a correlation coefficient of -0.72. Total organic carbon (26.59 mg/g dry matter) and total sugar yield (302.73 mg/g dry matter) were the highest at 220 °C, as ion product was correlated with the total organic carbon yield with a correlation coefficient of +0.84. The monosaccharides detected were mannose, glucose, and arabinose. Tar yield showed an increasing trend from 220 °C to 300 °C with the highest tar yield of 136.92 mg/g dry matter at 300 °C; whereas, the total phenolic compound has the highest yield of 11.70 mg/g dry matter at 280 °C. Solid residue yield showed a decreasing trend as temperature increased with the lowest residue of 298.22 mg/g dry matter at 300 °C, due to the rapid degradation of waste PKC at higher temperatures. Secondly, the reaction temperature (220 °C) with the highest sugar yield was selected to investigate the effect of reaction time ranging from 1 to 15 min. The effect of reaction time was less signifi ant when compared to reaction temperature, especially for sugar production. Thus, the value-added materials could be selectively produced by varying reaction temperature whereas varying reaction time is less significant. Based on the results, the highest total sugar yield was obtained at 220 °C for 5 min. This study suggests the application of subcritical water treatment as a promising treatment medium for converting waste PKC into value-added materials. 2019-04 Thesis NonPeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85465/1/FK%202019%20152%20-%20ir.pdf Raja Zazalli, Raja Munawarrah (2019) Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction. Masters thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Palm products Palm oil wastes as feed Water - Purification |
| spellingShingle | Palm products Palm oil wastes as feed Water - Purification Raja Zazalli, Raja Munawarrah Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction |
| title | Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction |
| title_full | Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction |
| title_fullStr | Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction |
| title_short | Conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value-added materials using subcritical water reaction |
| title_sort | conversion of waste palm kernel cake into value added materials using subcritical water reaction |
| topic | Palm products Palm oil wastes as feed Water - Purification |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85465/1/FK%202019%20152%20-%20ir.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rajazazallirajamunawarrah conversionofwastepalmkernelcakeintovalueaddedmaterialsusingsubcriticalwaterreaction |