| Summary: | Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of essential oil (EO) from Citrus hystrix DC. leaves was optimized using
response surface methodology (RSM), involving factors of particle size (0.5–1) mm, sample-to-solvent ratio
(0.025–0.175) g/mL, extraction temperature (140− 180) ◦C, and extraction time (20− 40) minutes. Thus, an
optimal EO yield of (2.14 ± 0.03) % (w/w) was obtained at 0.75 mm, 0.025 g/mL, 174 ◦C, and 29 min. SWE was
found to yield significantly higher EO than the conventional hydrodistillation, within a shorter time. The
regression model was established, presenting a significant quadratic correlation (R2 = 0.97) and adequate for
predictions. SWE at 160 ◦C and 180 ◦C yielded 36 compounds, with isopulegol-dominant, exceeding SWE at
140 ◦C (21 compounds) and hydrodistillation (25 compounds). SWE with tunable temperatures not only
improved the quantity of EO but was also capable of enhancing the quality because more EO compounds were
extracted, offering diverse functionalities to nutraceutical sectors.
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