Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf (OPL) is abundantly generated from oil palm plantations as biomass that is rich in bioactive metabolites, primarily flavonoids. Six natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) were synthesized using a direct heating technique from different combinations of choline...
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MDPI AG
2021
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| author | Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Shaari, Khozirah |
| author_facet | Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Shaari, Khozirah |
| author_sort | Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli |
| collection | UPM |
| description | Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf (OPL) is abundantly generated from oil palm plantations as biomass that is rich in bioactive metabolites, primarily flavonoids. Six natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) were synthesized using a direct heating technique from different combinations of choline chloride with 1,2-propanediol (PD), 1,4-butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL) and lactic acid (LA). The synthesized NaDES were subjected to physicochemical and biological evaluations comprising physical appearance, density, water activity, viscosity, polarity, thermal behaviors, spectroscopic analysis, cytotoxicity, radical scavenging activities and solubility tests. Compared to aqueous methanol, the synthesized NaDES, which appeared as a slightly to moderately viscous transparent liquid, showed favorable physicochemical properties as extraction solvents with a low cytotoxicity profile on cultured fibroblast cells. Further, the NaDES obtained from the choline chloride:lactic acid (LA) combination showed high free radical scavenging characteristics. Hydrogen bonding interactions were shown to play a significant role in the formation of the NaDES. Further, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet/photodiode array (UHPLC-UV/PDA) analysis revealed that the NaDES from the choline chloride:glycerol (GLY) combination had comparable efficiencies with aqueous methanol regarding extracting flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin derivatives) from OPLs. The results of the present study suggested that the tailor-made NaDES were not only easy-to-use, stable and safe solvents but also suitable for extracting bioactive phytochemical compounds. The study highlighted their potential as an alternative green technology for applications in oil palm biomass utilization programs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T11:00:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm.eprints-95111 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T11:00:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-951112023-04-06T02:03:18Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95111/ Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Shaari, Khozirah Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf (OPL) is abundantly generated from oil palm plantations as biomass that is rich in bioactive metabolites, primarily flavonoids. Six natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) were synthesized using a direct heating technique from different combinations of choline chloride with 1,2-propanediol (PD), 1,4-butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL) and lactic acid (LA). The synthesized NaDES were subjected to physicochemical and biological evaluations comprising physical appearance, density, water activity, viscosity, polarity, thermal behaviors, spectroscopic analysis, cytotoxicity, radical scavenging activities and solubility tests. Compared to aqueous methanol, the synthesized NaDES, which appeared as a slightly to moderately viscous transparent liquid, showed favorable physicochemical properties as extraction solvents with a low cytotoxicity profile on cultured fibroblast cells. Further, the NaDES obtained from the choline chloride:lactic acid (LA) combination showed high free radical scavenging characteristics. Hydrogen bonding interactions were shown to play a significant role in the formation of the NaDES. Further, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet/photodiode array (UHPLC-UV/PDA) analysis revealed that the NaDES from the choline chloride:glycerol (GLY) combination had comparable efficiencies with aqueous methanol regarding extracting flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin derivatives) from OPLs. The results of the present study suggested that the tailor-made NaDES were not only easy-to-use, stable and safe solvents but also suitable for extracting bioactive phytochemical compounds. The study highlighted their potential as an alternative green technology for applications in oil palm biomass utilization programs. MDPI AG 2021-11-24 Article PeerReviewed Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli and Yeoh, Jen Xen and Lee, Soo Yee and Shaari, Khozirah (2021) Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids. Sustainability, 13 (23). art. no. 12981. pp. 1-20. ISSN 2071-1050 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/23/12981 10.3390/su132312981 |
| spellingShingle | Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Shaari, Khozirah Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids |
| title | Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids |
| title_full | Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids |
| title_fullStr | Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids |
| title_short | Physicochemical properties of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids |
| title_sort | physicochemical properties of choline chloride based natural deep eutectic solvents nades and their applicability for extracting oil palm flavonoids |
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