Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Liver cancer is listed as the fifth-ranked cancer, responsible for 9.1% of all cancer deaths globally due to its assertive nature and poor survival rate. To overcome this obstacle, efforts have been made to ensure effective cancer therapy via nanotechnology utilization. Recent studies have shown tha...
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| Format: | Article |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2021
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| author | Buskaran, Kalaivani Bullo, Saifullah Hussein, Mohd Zobir Masarudin, Mas Jaffri Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Aris Fakurazi, Sharida |
| author_facet | Buskaran, Kalaivani Bullo, Saifullah Hussein, Mohd Zobir Masarudin, Mas Jaffri Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Aris Fakurazi, Sharida |
| author_sort | Buskaran, Kalaivani |
| collection | UPM |
| description | Liver cancer is listed as the fifth-ranked cancer, responsible for 9.1% of all cancer deaths globally due to its assertive nature and poor survival rate. To overcome this obstacle, efforts have been made to ensure effective cancer therapy via nanotechnology utilization. Recent studies have shown that functionalized graphene oxide (GO)-loaded protocatechuic acid has shown some anticancer activities in both passive and active targeting. The nanocomposites’ physicochemical characterizations were conducted. A lactate dehydrogenase experiment was conducted to estimate the severity of cell damage. Subsequently, a clonogenic assay was carried out to examine the colony-forming ability during long-term exposure of the nanocomposites. The Annexin V/ propidium iodide analysis showed that nanocomposites induced late apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Following the intervention of nanocomposites, cell cycle arrest was ascertained at G2/M phase. There was depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and an upregulation of reactive oxygen species when HepG2 cells were induced by nanocomposites. Finally, the proteomic profiling array and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins induced by graphene oxide conjugated PEG loaded with protocatechuic acid drug folic acid coated nanocomposite (GOP–PCA–FA) in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, GOP–PCA–FA nanocomposites treated HepG2 cells exhibited significant anticancer activities with less toxicity compared to pristine protocatechuic acid and GOP–PCA nanocomposites, due to the utilization of a folic acid-targeting nanodrug delivery system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T11:02:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm.eprints-95901 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T11:02:31Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | upm.eprints-959012023-03-27T03:28:43Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95901/ Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma Buskaran, Kalaivani Bullo, Saifullah Hussein, Mohd Zobir Masarudin, Mas Jaffri Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Aris Fakurazi, Sharida Liver cancer is listed as the fifth-ranked cancer, responsible for 9.1% of all cancer deaths globally due to its assertive nature and poor survival rate. To overcome this obstacle, efforts have been made to ensure effective cancer therapy via nanotechnology utilization. Recent studies have shown that functionalized graphene oxide (GO)-loaded protocatechuic acid has shown some anticancer activities in both passive and active targeting. The nanocomposites’ physicochemical characterizations were conducted. A lactate dehydrogenase experiment was conducted to estimate the severity of cell damage. Subsequently, a clonogenic assay was carried out to examine the colony-forming ability during long-term exposure of the nanocomposites. The Annexin V/ propidium iodide analysis showed that nanocomposites induced late apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Following the intervention of nanocomposites, cell cycle arrest was ascertained at G2/M phase. There was depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and an upregulation of reactive oxygen species when HepG2 cells were induced by nanocomposites. Finally, the proteomic profiling array and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins induced by graphene oxide conjugated PEG loaded with protocatechuic acid drug folic acid coated nanocomposite (GOP–PCA–FA) in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, GOP–PCA–FA nanocomposites treated HepG2 cells exhibited significant anticancer activities with less toxicity compared to pristine protocatechuic acid and GOP–PCA nanocomposites, due to the utilization of a folic acid-targeting nanodrug delivery system. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2021 Article PeerReviewed Buskaran, Kalaivani and Bullo, Saifullah and Hussein, Mohd Zobir and Masarudin, Mas Jaffri and Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Aris and Fakurazi, Sharida (2021) Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials, 14 (4). pp. 1-26. ISSN 1996-1944 https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/4/817 10.3390/ma14040817 |
| spellingShingle | Buskaran, Kalaivani Bullo, Saifullah Hussein, Mohd Zobir Masarudin, Mas Jaffri Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Aris Fakurazi, Sharida Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title | Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_full | Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_fullStr | Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_short | Anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_sort | anticancer molecular mechanism of protocatechuic acid loaded on folate coated functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite delivery system in human hepatocellular carcinoma |
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