Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria
Variation does not only affect labour productivity but also leads to the dispute, time and cost overrun. Consequently, it affects projects performance. It is, therefore, imperative for construction professionals to eliminate unnecessary additional cost from a project so as to optimize the client’s b...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Penerbit UTM Press
2015
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.utm.my/58008/1/MuhdZaimiMajid2015_CausesofVariationOrderinBuilding.pdf |
| _version_ | 1796860423325089792 |
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| author | Muhammad, Nasiru Zakari Keyvanfar, Ali Abd. Majid, Muhd. Zaimi Shafaghat, Arezou Magana, Aliyu Muhammad Dankaka, Nafisa Sabiu |
| author_facet | Muhammad, Nasiru Zakari Keyvanfar, Ali Abd. Majid, Muhd. Zaimi Shafaghat, Arezou Magana, Aliyu Muhammad Dankaka, Nafisa Sabiu |
| author_sort | Muhammad, Nasiru Zakari |
| collection | ePrints |
| description | Variation does not only affect labour productivity but also leads to the dispute, time and cost overrun. Consequently, it affects projects performance. It is, therefore, imperative for construction professionals to eliminate unnecessary additional cost from a project so as to optimize the client’s benefit against input resources. This paper identifies and examines the most significant causes that contribute to the variation orders. Also, Nigerian construction industry is used as a case study. Variation orders causing factors were assessed. Questionnaires were administered to clients, consultants and contractors to elicit information regarding variation causing factors. These factors were analyzed using frequency aggregation, mean score method and subsequently ranked according to their severity. The result revealed three most significant causes of variation which are: ‘Change of plan’’ with the highest frequency of 58% then followed by ‘‘Conflicting contract documents (50%). The next most frequent causing factors were the “substitution of materials” and “change in design” each with frequency of 43%. The least causing factor of variation was the “error and omission in design” with the frequency of 10%. Also differing site condition, new government regulation, weather condition were identified as other cause of variation with the frequency of 27%, 29% and 10% respectively. It has also shown that most critical source of variation order is the client due to change of plan then followed by consultant due to conflicting contract document. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-05T19:41:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | utm.eprints-58008 |
| institution | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - ePrints |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-05T19:41:08Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | Penerbit UTM Press |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | utm.eprints-580082021-11-03T07:17:37Z http://eprints.utm.my/58008/ Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria Muhammad, Nasiru Zakari Keyvanfar, Ali Abd. Majid, Muhd. Zaimi Shafaghat, Arezou Magana, Aliyu Muhammad Dankaka, Nafisa Sabiu TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Variation does not only affect labour productivity but also leads to the dispute, time and cost overrun. Consequently, it affects projects performance. It is, therefore, imperative for construction professionals to eliminate unnecessary additional cost from a project so as to optimize the client’s benefit against input resources. This paper identifies and examines the most significant causes that contribute to the variation orders. Also, Nigerian construction industry is used as a case study. Variation orders causing factors were assessed. Questionnaires were administered to clients, consultants and contractors to elicit information regarding variation causing factors. These factors were analyzed using frequency aggregation, mean score method and subsequently ranked according to their severity. The result revealed three most significant causes of variation which are: ‘Change of plan’’ with the highest frequency of 58% then followed by ‘‘Conflicting contract documents (50%). The next most frequent causing factors were the “substitution of materials” and “change in design” each with frequency of 43%. The least causing factor of variation was the “error and omission in design” with the frequency of 10%. Also differing site condition, new government regulation, weather condition were identified as other cause of variation with the frequency of 27%, 29% and 10% respectively. It has also shown that most critical source of variation order is the client due to change of plan then followed by consultant due to conflicting contract document. Penerbit UTM Press 2015 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/58008/1/MuhdZaimiMajid2015_CausesofVariationOrderinBuilding.pdf Muhammad, Nasiru Zakari and Keyvanfar, Ali and Abd. Majid, Muhd. Zaimi and Shafaghat, Arezou and Magana, Aliyu Muhammad and Dankaka, Nafisa Sabiu (2015) Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria. Jurnal Teknologi, 77 (16). pp. 91-97. ISSN 0127-9696 |
| spellingShingle | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Muhammad, Nasiru Zakari Keyvanfar, Ali Abd. Majid, Muhd. Zaimi Shafaghat, Arezou Magana, Aliyu Muhammad Dankaka, Nafisa Sabiu Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria |
| title | Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria |
| title_full | Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria |
| title_fullStr | Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria |
| title_full_unstemmed | Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria |
| title_short | Causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin Nigeria |
| title_sort | causes of variation order in building and civil engineering projectsin nigeria |
| topic | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) |
| url | http://eprints.utm.my/58008/1/MuhdZaimiMajid2015_CausesofVariationOrderinBuilding.pdf |
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