Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode
This paper describes an electrochemical treatment process of hydrochlorothiazide (HDZ) under different conditions such as initial concentration, sodium chloride and applied voltage. In this present study, HDZ was treated by electrochemical oxidation process using graphite-PVC composite electrode as...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.utm.my/79655/1/ShamilaAzman2018_ElucidationandCharacterizationofNewChlorinated.pdf |
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| author | Mussa, Z. H. Al-Qaim, F. F. Yuzir, A. Hara, H. Azman, S. Chelliapan, S. |
| author_facet | Mussa, Z. H. Al-Qaim, F. F. Yuzir, A. Hara, H. Azman, S. Chelliapan, S. |
| author_sort | Mussa, Z. H. |
| collection | ePrints |
| description | This paper describes an electrochemical treatment process of hydrochlorothiazide (HDZ) under different conditions such as initial concentration, sodium chloride and applied voltage. In this present study, HDZ was treated by electrochemical oxidation process using graphite-PVC composite electrode as anode and Platinum (Pt) as cathode. All results were analyzed using liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). It was found that at high applied voltages, and high amounts of NaCl, the electrochemical treatment process was more efficient. The removal% of HDZ was 92% at 5 V after 60 min. From the obtained results, the electrochemical oxidation process of HDZ followed pseudo first order with rate constant values ranged between 0.0009 and 0.0502 min−1, depending on the experimental conditions. Energy consumption was also considered in this study, it was ranged between 0.9058 and 5.56 Wh/mg using 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1 g NaCl within interval times of (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 min). Five chlorinated and one non-chlorinated by-products were formed and analyzed in negative ionization (NI) mode during the electrochemical process. Due to the strong oxidizing potential of the chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorite ion (ClO−), HDZ and its by-products were removed after 140 min. Furthermore, a novel synthesis of chlorothiaizde as one of the new by-products was reported in this present study. Toxicity was impacted by the formation of the by-products, especially at 20 min. The inhibition percentage (I%) of E. coli bacteria was decreased to be the lowest value after 140 min. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-05T20:21:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | utm.eprints-79655 |
| institution | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - ePrints |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-05T20:21:23Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | utm.eprints-796552019-01-28T06:55:37Z http://eprints.utm.my/79655/ Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode Mussa, Z. H. Al-Qaim, F. F. Yuzir, A. Hara, H. Azman, S. Chelliapan, S. TP Chemical technology This paper describes an electrochemical treatment process of hydrochlorothiazide (HDZ) under different conditions such as initial concentration, sodium chloride and applied voltage. In this present study, HDZ was treated by electrochemical oxidation process using graphite-PVC composite electrode as anode and Platinum (Pt) as cathode. All results were analyzed using liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). It was found that at high applied voltages, and high amounts of NaCl, the electrochemical treatment process was more efficient. The removal% of HDZ was 92% at 5 V after 60 min. From the obtained results, the electrochemical oxidation process of HDZ followed pseudo first order with rate constant values ranged between 0.0009 and 0.0502 min−1, depending on the experimental conditions. Energy consumption was also considered in this study, it was ranged between 0.9058 and 5.56 Wh/mg using 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1 g NaCl within interval times of (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 min). Five chlorinated and one non-chlorinated by-products were formed and analyzed in negative ionization (NI) mode during the electrochemical process. Due to the strong oxidizing potential of the chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorite ion (ClO−), HDZ and its by-products were removed after 140 min. Furthermore, a novel synthesis of chlorothiaizde as one of the new by-products was reported in this present study. Toxicity was impacted by the formation of the by-products, especially at 20 min. The inhibition percentage (I%) of E. coli bacteria was decreased to be the lowest value after 140 min. MDPI AG 2018 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/79655/1/ShamilaAzman2018_ElucidationandCharacterizationofNewChlorinated.pdf Mussa, Z. H. and Al-Qaim, F. F. and Yuzir, A. and Hara, H. and Azman, S. and Chelliapan, S. (2018) Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode. Catalysts, 8 (11). ISSN 2073-4344 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110540 DOI:10.3390/catal8110540 |
| spellingShingle | TP Chemical technology Mussa, Z. H. Al-Qaim, F. F. Yuzir, A. Hara, H. Azman, S. Chelliapan, S. Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode |
| title | Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode |
| title_full | Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode |
| title_fullStr | Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode |
| title_full_unstemmed | Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode |
| title_short | Elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by-products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode |
| title_sort | elucidation and characterization of new chlorinated by products after electrochemical degradation of hydrochlorothiazide using graphite poly vinyl chloride electrode |
| topic | TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://eprints.utm.my/79655/1/ShamilaAzman2018_ElucidationandCharacterizationofNewChlorinated.pdf |
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