Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation
A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstan-tiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.utm.my/95405/1/HalmatJalal2021_NaturallyOccurringRadioactiveMaterials.pdf |
| _version_ | 1796866014198104064 |
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| author | Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, Noor Zati Hani Ghoshal, Sib Krishna Mohd. Sanusi, Mohamad Syazwan Suhailin, Fariza Hanim Abdul Hadi, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David Andrew |
| author_facet | Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, Noor Zati Hani Ghoshal, Sib Krishna Mohd. Sanusi, Mohamad Syazwan Suhailin, Fariza Hanim Abdul Hadi, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David Andrew |
| author_sort | Hassan, Halmat Jalal |
| collection | ePrints |
| description | A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstan-tiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear no-threshold model, long-term use presents a radiological risk to wearers. Evaluation is conducted herein of the radiological risk arising from wearing these products and gamma-ray spectrometry is used to determine the radioactivity levels and annual effective dose of 15 commer-cially available bracelets (samples B1 to B15) and five necklaces (samples N16 to N20). Various use scenarios are considered; a Geant4 Monte Carlo (Geant4 MC) simulation is also performed to validate the experimental results. The dose conversion coefficient for external radiation and skin equivalent doses were also evaluated. Among the necklaces, sample N16 showed the greatest levels of radioactivity, at 246 ± 35, 1682 ± 118, and 221 ± 40 Bq, for238 U,232 Th, and40 K, respectively. For the bracelets, for238 U and232 Th, sample B15 displayed the greatest level of radioactivity, at 146 ± 21 and 980 ± 71 Bq, respectively. N16 offered the greatest percentage concentrations of U and Th, with means of 0.073 ± 0.0002% and 1.51 ± 0.0015%, respectively, giving rise to an estimated annual effective dose exposure of 1.22 mSv, substantially in excess of the ICRP recommended limit of 1 mSv/year. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-05T21:05:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | utm.eprints-95405 |
| institution | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - ePrints |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-05T21:05:51Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | utm.eprints-954052022-05-31T12:37:44Z http://eprints.utm.my/95405/ Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, Noor Zati Hani Ghoshal, Sib Krishna Mohd. Sanusi, Mohamad Syazwan Suhailin, Fariza Hanim Abdul Hadi, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David Andrew QC Physics A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstan-tiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear no-threshold model, long-term use presents a radiological risk to wearers. Evaluation is conducted herein of the radiological risk arising from wearing these products and gamma-ray spectrometry is used to determine the radioactivity levels and annual effective dose of 15 commer-cially available bracelets (samples B1 to B15) and five necklaces (samples N16 to N20). Various use scenarios are considered; a Geant4 Monte Carlo (Geant4 MC) simulation is also performed to validate the experimental results. The dose conversion coefficient for external radiation and skin equivalent doses were also evaluated. Among the necklaces, sample N16 showed the greatest levels of radioactivity, at 246 ± 35, 1682 ± 118, and 221 ± 40 Bq, for238 U,232 Th, and40 K, respectively. For the bracelets, for238 U and232 Th, sample B15 displayed the greatest level of radioactivity, at 146 ± 21 and 980 ± 71 Bq, respectively. N16 offered the greatest percentage concentrations of U and Th, with means of 0.073 ± 0.0002% and 1.51 ± 0.0015%, respectively, giving rise to an estimated annual effective dose exposure of 1.22 mSv, substantially in excess of the ICRP recommended limit of 1 mSv/year. MDPI 2021-11-01 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/95405/1/HalmatJalal2021_NaturallyOccurringRadioactiveMaterials.pdf Hassan, Halmat Jalal and Hashim, Suhairul and Abu Hanifah, Noor Zati Hani and Ghoshal, Sib Krishna and Mohd. Sanusi, Mohamad Syazwan and Suhailin, Fariza Hanim and Abdul Hadi, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal and Mohd. Tahar, Rozman and Bradley, David Andrew (2021) Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (21). pp. 1-11. ISSN 1661-7827 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111170 DOI:10.3390/ijerph182111170 |
| spellingShingle | QC Physics Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, Noor Zati Hani Ghoshal, Sib Krishna Mohd. Sanusi, Mohamad Syazwan Suhailin, Fariza Hanim Abdul Hadi, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David Andrew Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation |
| title | Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation |
| title_full | Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation |
| title_short | Naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation |
| title_sort | naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces radiological risk evaluation |
| topic | QC Physics |
| url | http://eprints.utm.my/95405/1/HalmatJalal2021_NaturallyOccurringRadioactiveMaterials.pdf |
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