Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines
In biodiesel-fueled compression-ignition (CI) engines, dilution by unburned biodiesel has been found to have adverse effects on the boundary lubrication properties of additives in fully formulated engine lubricants. Such dilution of engine lubricants could be even more pronounced for CI engines runn...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.utm.my/96116/1/WilliamChongWoei2021_SynergisticNanoTribologicalInteractionBetweenZinc.pdf |
| _version_ | 1796866157475528704 |
|---|---|
| author | Hamdan, Siti Hartini Lee, Chiew Tin Lee, Mei Bao Chong, William Woei Fong Chong, Cheng Tung Mohd. Sanip, Suhaila |
| author_facet | Hamdan, Siti Hartini Lee, Chiew Tin Lee, Mei Bao Chong, William Woei Fong Chong, Cheng Tung Mohd. Sanip, Suhaila |
| author_sort | Hamdan, Siti Hartini |
| collection | ePrints |
| description | In biodiesel-fueled compression-ignition (CI) engines, dilution by unburned biodiesel has been found to have adverse effects on the boundary lubrication properties of additives in fully formulated engine lubricants. Such dilution of engine lubricants could be even more pronounced for CI engines running on higher blend concentrations of biodiesel. Given the nanoscopic nature of the interaction, this study seeks to determine the nano-tribological properties of an engine lubricant additive (e.g., zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)) when diluted with a fatty acid methyl ester (e.g., methyl oleate). Using lateral force microscopy (LFM) together with a fluid imaging technique, the lowest nanoscopic friction forces and coefficient of friction values (0.068-0.085) were measured for ZDDP when diluted with 70 vol% of methyl oleate. These values are also observed to be lower than those measured for neat ZDDP and neat methyl oleate, respectively, under similar conditions. Subsequently, interpreting the data with the Eyring thermal activation energy approach, it could then be elucidated that the lower frictional losses observed for the contact lubricated with this volumetric mixture are a result of the lower potential energy barrier and activation energy required to initiate sliding. These energy values are approximated to be 2.6% and 28.9% (respectively) lower than that of the contact lubricated with neat ZDDP. It was also found that the mixture, at this volumetric concentration, possesses the highest possible pressure activation energy (load-carrying capacity) along with the lowest possible shear activation energy (shearing), potentially indicating optimum tribological conditions for boundary lubrication. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that an optimum concentration threshold exists in which a synergistic nano-tribological interaction between additives and fatty acid methyl esters can be attained, potentially reducing boundary frictional losses of lubricated conjunctions. Such findings could prove to be essential in effectively formulating synergistic additive concentrations for engine lubricants used in biodiesel-fueled CI engines. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-05T21:07:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | utm.eprints-96116 |
| institution | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - ePrints |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-05T21:07:58Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | utm.eprints-961162022-07-03T08:35:50Z http://eprints.utm.my/96116/ Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines Hamdan, Siti Hartini Lee, Chiew Tin Lee, Mei Bao Chong, William Woei Fong Chong, Cheng Tung Mohd. Sanip, Suhaila TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery In biodiesel-fueled compression-ignition (CI) engines, dilution by unburned biodiesel has been found to have adverse effects on the boundary lubrication properties of additives in fully formulated engine lubricants. Such dilution of engine lubricants could be even more pronounced for CI engines running on higher blend concentrations of biodiesel. Given the nanoscopic nature of the interaction, this study seeks to determine the nano-tribological properties of an engine lubricant additive (e.g., zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)) when diluted with a fatty acid methyl ester (e.g., methyl oleate). Using lateral force microscopy (LFM) together with a fluid imaging technique, the lowest nanoscopic friction forces and coefficient of friction values (0.068-0.085) were measured for ZDDP when diluted with 70 vol% of methyl oleate. These values are also observed to be lower than those measured for neat ZDDP and neat methyl oleate, respectively, under similar conditions. Subsequently, interpreting the data with the Eyring thermal activation energy approach, it could then be elucidated that the lower frictional losses observed for the contact lubricated with this volumetric mixture are a result of the lower potential energy barrier and activation energy required to initiate sliding. These energy values are approximated to be 2.6% and 28.9% (respectively) lower than that of the contact lubricated with neat ZDDP. It was also found that the mixture, at this volumetric concentration, possesses the highest possible pressure activation energy (load-carrying capacity) along with the lowest possible shear activation energy (shearing), potentially indicating optimum tribological conditions for boundary lubrication. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that an optimum concentration threshold exists in which a synergistic nano-tribological interaction between additives and fatty acid methyl esters can be attained, potentially reducing boundary frictional losses of lubricated conjunctions. Such findings could prove to be essential in effectively formulating synergistic additive concentrations for engine lubricants used in biodiesel-fueled CI engines. Springer 2021 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/96116/1/WilliamChongWoei2021_SynergisticNanoTribologicalInteractionBetweenZinc.pdf Hamdan, Siti Hartini and Lee, Chiew Tin and Lee, Mei Bao and Chong, William Woei Fong and Chong, Cheng Tung and Mohd. Sanip, Suhaila (2021) Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines. FRICTION, 9 (3). pp. 612-626. ISSN 2223-7690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0428-4 |
| spellingShingle | TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Hamdan, Siti Hartini Lee, Chiew Tin Lee, Mei Bao Chong, William Woei Fong Chong, Cheng Tung Mohd. Sanip, Suhaila Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines |
| title | Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines |
| title_full | Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines |
| title_fullStr | Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines |
| title_short | Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines |
| title_sort | synergistic nano tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate zddp and methyl oleate for biodiesel fueled engines |
| topic | TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery |
| url | http://eprints.utm.my/96116/1/WilliamChongWoei2021_SynergisticNanoTribologicalInteractionBetweenZinc.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hamdansitihartini synergisticnanotribologicalinteractionbetweenzincdialkyldithiophosphatezddpandmethyloleateforbiodieselfueledengines AT leechiewtin synergisticnanotribologicalinteractionbetweenzincdialkyldithiophosphatezddpandmethyloleateforbiodieselfueledengines AT leemeibao synergisticnanotribologicalinteractionbetweenzincdialkyldithiophosphatezddpandmethyloleateforbiodieselfueledengines AT chongwilliamwoeifong synergisticnanotribologicalinteractionbetweenzincdialkyldithiophosphatezddpandmethyloleateforbiodieselfueledengines AT chongchengtung synergisticnanotribologicalinteractionbetweenzincdialkyldithiophosphatezddpandmethyloleateforbiodieselfueledengines AT mohdsanipsuhaila synergisticnanotribologicalinteractionbetweenzincdialkyldithiophosphatezddpandmethyloleateforbiodieselfueledengines |