Conceptualizing orientation and mobility practices within the expanded core curriculum by Malik, Shazia, Abdul Manaf, Umi Kalthom

“…This paper intends to examine the orientation and mobility practices within the Expanded Core Curriculum. The study conceptualizes and methodologically sheds light on the practices of orientation and mobility (O&M) practices within the expanded core curriculum (ECC) for visually impaired learners. …”
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Understanding the parental involvement in promoting an effective orientation and mobility acquisition among visually impaired children within the expanded core curriculum in Lahore, Pakistan by Malik, Shazia, Abdul Manaf, Umi Kalthom, Ahmad, Nor Aniza, Ismail, Maimunah

“…Although O&M skills are considered as one of the main components of the expanded core curriculum for visually impaired children, these skills, however, are not explicitly integrated into the expanded core curriculum. …”
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A case study of parental involvement in orientation and mobility of visually impaired children in Pakistan by Abdul Manaf, Umi Kalthom, Malik, Shazia

“…As for the visually impaired children, it is hoped that their independence in the environment would be enhanced with the help of their parental involvement in O&M as O&M is the compulsory subject of the Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC). ECC is accepted as the curriculum for VIC internationally, but in Pakistan there is not much focus on ECC rather sighted child's curriculum is adopted for VIC. …”
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