The interplay of grandparental investment according to the survival status of other grandparent types by Samuli Helle, Antti O. Tanskanen, Jenni E. Pettay, Mirkka Danielsbacka

“…Our results showed that maternal grandmothers’ investment was increased by having a living maternal grandfather but not vice versa. Having a living maternal grandmother was also associated with decreased investment of paternal grandparents while the opposite was not found. …”
Get full text

Grandparental Child Care in Europe: Evidence for Preferential Investment in More Certain Kin by Mirkka Danielsbacka, Antti O. Tanskanen, Markus Jokela, Anna Rotkirch

“…We predict that 1) maternal grandmothers provide most care for their grandchildren, followed by maternal grandfathers, paternal grandmothers and last by paternal grandfathers; 2) maternal grandfathers and paternal grandmothers provide equal amounts of care when the latter do not have grandchildren via a daughter; 3) women who have grandchildren via both a daughter and a son will look after the children of the daughter more; and 4) men who have grandchildren via both a daughter and a son will look after the children of the daughter more. …”
Get full text