The importance of tar and nicotine in determining cigarette smoking habits. by Wald, N, Idle, M, Boreham, J, Bailey, A

“…Neither nicotine nor tar yields materially influenced the number of cigarettes smoked a day. Both nicotine and tar yields were negatively associated with inhaling (p less than 0.001) but after allowing for either of the two yields the effect of the other on inhaling was no longer statistically significant. …”

Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. by Doll, R, Peto, R, Boreham, J, Sutherland, I

“…OBJECTIVE: To compare the hazards of cigarette smoking in men who formed their habits at different periods, and the extent of the reduction in risk when cigarette smoking is stopped at different ages. …”

Tobacco: The growing epidemic in China by Peto, R, Chen, Z, Boreham, J

“…In Chinese men, the pattern of increase in cigarette smoking that had been seen between 1910 and 1950 in the US was repeated 40 years later between 1952 and 1992. …”

Stages of the cigarette epidemic on entering its second century. by Thun, M, Peto, R, Boreham, J, Lopez, A

“…OBJECTIVES: A four-stage model of the cigarette epidemic was proposed in 1994 to communicate the long delay between the widespread uptake of cigarette smoking and its full effects on mortality, as had been experienced in economically developed countries where cigarette smoking became entrenched decades earlier in men than in women. …”

Smoking and cardiovascular disease. by Chen, Z, Boreham, J

“…The risk of CVD death increases with increasing exposure to cigarette smoke, as measured by the number of cigarettes smoked daily, the duration of smoking, the degree of inhalation and the age of initiation. …”

Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics. by Peto, R, Lopez, A, Boreham, J, Thun, M, Heath, C

“…Prolonged cigarette smoking causes even more deaths from other diseases than from lung cancer. …”

Relative intakes of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from cigarettes of different yields. by Wald, N, Boreham, J, Bailey, A

“…The estimates were derived by using an objective index of inhaling based on the measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin divided by the carbon monoxide yield of the cigarettes smoked, after background and carry over carboxyhaemoglobin effects had been allowed for. …”

Inhaling habits among smokers of different types of cigarette. by Wald, N, Idle, M, Boreham, J, Bailey, A

“…An index of inhaling was calculated for each person by dividing the estimated increase in carboxyhaemoglobin level from a standard number of cigarettes by the carbon monoxide yield of the cigarette smoked. Smokers of ventilated filter cigarettes inhaled 82% more than smokers of plain cigarettes (p less than 0.001) and those who smoked unventilated filter cigarettes inhaled 36% more (p less than 0.001). …”

Inhaling and lung cancer: an anomaly explained. by Wald, N, Idle, M, Boreham, J, Bailey, A

“…An objective index of inhaling cigarette smoke based on carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations and the carbon monoxide yields of cigarettes was used to investigate possible systematic differences in the extent of inhaling among light and heavy smokers when classified according to their self described inhaling habits. …”