Direct observations of anomalous resistivity and diffusion in collisionless plasma by D. B. Graham, Yu. V. Khotyaintsev, M. André, A. Vaivads, A. Divin, J. F. Drake, C. Norgren, O. Le Contel, P.-A. Lindqvist, A. C. Rager, D. J. Gershman, C. T. Russell, J. L. Burch, K.-J. Hwang, K. Dokgo

“…It is suggested that waves can provide both diffusion and resistivity that can potentially support the reconnection electric field in low-density astrophysical plasmas. Here, the authors show, using direct spacecraft measurements, that the waves contribute to anomalous diffusion but do not contribute to the reconnection electric field.…”
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Simultaneous Observation of the Inner and Outer Electron Diffusion Region in Reconnection with Large Guide Field by Z. C. Tian, M. Zhou, H. Y. Man, Z. H. Zhong, X. H. Deng, D. J. Gershman, Y. V. Khotyaintsev, C. T. Russell

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