Fossil pollen as a guide to conservation in the Galapagos. by van Leeuwen, J, Froyd, C, van der Knaap, W, Coffey, E, Tye, A, Willis, K

“…Fossil pollen and macrofossils from four sites in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island reveal that all were present thousands of years before the advent of human impact, refuting their classification as introduced species. These findings have substantial implications not only for conservation in Galápagos but for the management of introduced species and pantropical weeds in general.…”

When is an invasive not an invasive? Macrofossil evidence of doubtful native plant species in the Galapagos Islands. by Coffey, E, Froyd, C, Willis, K

“…In addition to these known introduced species, there are an additional 62 vascular plants classified as "doubtful natives," where native status remains unclear. …”