Identification of novel serodiagnostic signatures of typhoid fever using a salmonella proteome array by Darton, T, Baker, S, Randall, A, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Voysey, M, Carter, M, Jones, C, Trappl, K, Pablo, J, Hung, C, Teng, A, Shandling, A, Le, T, Walker, C, Molina, D, Andrews, J, Arjyal, A, Basnyat, B, Pollard, A, Blohmke, C

“…Current diagnostic tests for typhoid fever, the disease caused by Salmonella Typhi, are poor. …”

Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission by Baker, S, Holt, K, Clements, A, Karkey, A, Arjyal, A, Boni, M, Dongol, S, Hammond, N, Koirala, S, Duy, P, Nga, T, Campbell, J, Dolecek, C, Basnyat, B, Dougan, G, Farrar, J

Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission. by Baker, S, Holt, K, Clements, A, Karkey, A, Arjyal, A, Boni, M, Dongol, S, Hammond, N, Koirala, S, Duy, P, Nga, T, Campbell, J, Dolecek, C, Basnyat, B, Dougan, G, Farrar, J

The impact of migration and antimicrobial resistance on the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever in Kathmandu, Nepal: A mathematical modelling study. by Saad, N, Bowles, C, Grenfell, B, Basnyat, B, Arjyal, A, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Baker, S, Pitzer, V

“…Background <br/> A substantial proportion of the global burden of typhoid fever occurs in South Asia. Kathmandu, Nepal experienced a substantial increase in the number of typhoid fever cases (caused by Salmonella Typhi) between 2000 and 2003, which subsequently declined but to a higher endemic level than in 2000. …”

Azithromycin and cefixime combination versus azithromycin alone for the out-patient treatment of clinically suspected or confirmed uncomplicated typhoid fever in South Asia: a randomised controlled trial protocol by Giri, A, Karkey, A, Dongol, S, Arjyal, A, Maharjan, A, Veeraraghavan, B, Paudyal, B, Dolecek, C, Gajurel, D, Phuong, DNT, Thanh, DP, Qamar, F, Kang, G, Hien, HV, John, J, Lawson, K, Wolbers, M, Hossain, MS, Sharifuzzaman, M, Luangasanatip, N, Maharjan, N, Olliaro, P, Rupali, P, Shakya, R, Shakoor, S, Rijal, S, Qureshi, S, Baker, S, Joshi, S, Ahmed, T, Darton, T, Bao, TN, Lubell, Y, Kestelyn, E, Thwaites, G, Parry, C, Basnyat, B

“…Patients with suspected uncomplicated typhoid fever will be randomized to one of the two interventions: Arm A: azithromycin 20mg/kg/day oral dose once daily (maximum 1gm/day) and cefixime 20mg/kg/day oral dose in two divided doses (maximum 400mg bd) for 7 days, Arm B: azithromycin 20mg/kg/day oral dose once daily (max 1gm/day) for 7 days AND cefixime-matched placebo for 7 days. …”

Highly resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with a novel gyrA mutation raises questions about the long-term efficacy of older fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid fever. by Koirala, K, Thanh, D, Thapa, S, Arjyal, A, Karkey, A, Dongol, S, Shrestha, U, Farrar, J, Basnyat, B, Baker, S

“…As a consequence of multidrug resistance, clinicians are highly dependent on fluoroquinolones for treating the serious systemic infection typhoid fever. While reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, which lessens clinical efficacy, is becoming ubiquitous, comprehensive resistance is exceptional. …”

Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial by Shakya, M, Voysey, M, Theiss-Nyland, K, Colin-Jones, R, Pant, D, Adhikari, A, Tonks, S, Mujadidi, YF, O'Reilly, P, Mazur, O, Kelly, S, Liu, X, Maharjan, A, Dahal, A, Haque, N, Pradhan, A, Shrestha, S, Joshi, M, Smith, N, Hill, J, Clarke, J, Stockdale, L, Jones, E, Lubinda, T, Bajracharya, B, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Baker, S, Dougan, G, Pitzer, VE, Neuzil, KM, Shrestha, S, Basnyat, B, Pollard, AJ

“…<br><strong>Background<br></strong> Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in low-resource settings. …”

Gallbladder carriage generates genetic variation and genome degradation in Salmonella Typhi by Thanh Duy, P, Thieu, NTV, Nguyen Thi Nguyen, T, Ngoc Dan Thanh, H, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Carey, M, Basnyat, B, Dougan, G, Rabaa, MA, Baker, S

“…Despite recent advances in typhoid fever control, asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhi in the gallbladder remains poorly understood. …”

Identification of immunogenic salmonella enterica serotype typhi antigens expressed in chronic biliary carriers of S. Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal by Charles, R, Sultana, T, Alam, M, Yu, Y, Wu-Freeman, Y, Bufano, M, Rollins, S, Tsai, L, Harris, J, Larocque, R, Leung, D, Brooks, W, Nga, T, Dongol, S, Basnyat, B, Calderwood, S, Farrar, J, Khanam, F, Gunn, J, Qadri, F, Baker, S, Ryan, E

“…Typhi, patients with acute typhoid fever, and healthy controls residing in a typhoid endemic area. …”

Phase 3 efficacy analysis of a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Nepal by Shakya, M, Colin-Jones, R, Theiss-Nyland, K, Voysey, M, Pant, D, Smith, N, Liu, X, Tonks, S, Mazur, O, Farooq, YG, Clarke, J, Hill, J, Adhikari, A, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Bajracharya, B, Kelly, S, Gurung, M, Baker, S, Neuzil, K, Shretha, S, Basnyat, B, Pollard, AJ

“…The primary outcome was typhoid fever confirmed by blood culture. We present the prespecified analysis of the primary and main secondary outcomes (including an immunogenicity subgroup); the 2-year trial follow-up is ongoing.…”

Phase 3 efficacy analysis of a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Nepal by Shakya, M, Colin-Jones, R, Theiss-Nyland, K, Voysey, M, Pant, D, Smith, N, Liu, X, Tonks, S, Mazur, O, Farooq, YG, Clarke, J, Hill, J, Adhikari, A, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Bajracharya, B, Kelly, S, Gurung, M, Baker, S, Neuzil, KM, Shrestha, S, Basnyat, B, Pollard, AJ, Tyvac Nepal Study Team

“…The primary outcome was typhoid fever confirmed by blood culture. We present the prespecified analysis of the primary and main secondary outcomes (including an immunogenicity subgroup); the 2-year trial follow-up is ongoing.…”

Prevalence and genetic analysis of phenotypically Vi- negative Salmonella typhi isolates in children from Kathmandu, Nepal. by Pulickal, A, Callaghan, M, Kelly, D, Maskey, M, Mahat, S, Hamaluba, M, Dongol, S, Adhikari, N, Thorson, S, Basynat, B, Murdoch, DR, Farrar, J, Pollard, A

“…Recent microbiological reports from typhoid endemic countries suggest that acapsulate S.Typhi may occur in nature and contribute to clinical typhoid fever that is indistinguishable from disease caused by capsulate strains. …”

The microbiological and clinical characteristics of invasive salmonella in gallbladders from cholecystectomy patients in kathmandu, Nepal by Dongol, S, Thompson, C, Clare, S, Nga, T, Duy, P, Karkey, A, Arjyal, A, Koirala, S, Khatri, N, Maskey, P, Poudel, S, Jaiswal, V, Vaidya, S, Dougan, G, Farrar, J, Dolecek, C, Basnyat, B, Baker, S

“…Gallbladder carriage of invasive Salmonella is considered fundamental in sustaining typhoid fever transmission. Bile and tissue was obtained from 1,377 individuals undergoing cholecystectomy in Kathmandu to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and relevance of invasive Salmonella in the gallbladder in an endemic area. …”

Logistics of implementing a large-scale typhoid vaccine trial in Kathmandu, Nepal by Colin-Jones, R, Shakya, M, Voysey, M, Theiss-Nyland, K, Smith, N, Pant, D, Liu, X, Tonks, S, Mazur, O, Farooq, Y, Kelly, S, Adhikari, A, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Shrestha, S, Basnyat, B, Pollard, A

“…Typhoid fever is estimated to affect over 20 million people per year worldwide, with infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and southeast Asia experiencing the greatest burden of disease. …”

Association of antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis with distinct antibody glycosylation profiles following typhoid vaccination by Johnson, M, Stockdale, LK, de Haan, N, Wuhrer, M, Nouta, J, Koeleman, CAM, Clarke, J, Marinou, S, Shakya, M, Colin-Jones, R, Theiss-Nyland, K, Voysey, M, Jin, C, Pant, D, Jones, E, Kelly, S, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Shrestha, S, Basnyat, B, Hill, J, Pollard, AJ

“…Typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccines (Vi-TCV) have been developed to control typhoid fever in children in endemic regions. Previously, in a human challenge model of typhoid, Vi-TCV was administered prior to deliberate ingestion of Salmonella Typhi by healthy adult volunteers in the UK. …”

The emergence of azithromycin-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Nepal by Duy, PT, Dongol, S, Giri, A, Nguyen To, NT, Dan Thanh, HN, Nhu Quynh, NP, Duc Trung, P, Thwaites, GE, Basnyat, B, Baker, S, Rabaa, MA, Karkey, A

“…Background Typhoid fever remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Asia and Africa. …”

Diagnostic metabolite biomarkers of chronic typhoid carriage. by Näsström, E, Jonsson, P, Johansson, A, Dongol, S, Karkey, A, Basnyat, B, Tran Vu Thieu, N, Trinh Van, T, Thwaites, G, Antti, H, Baker, S

“… <h4>Background</h4> <p>Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A are the agents of enteric (typhoid) fever; both can establish chronic carriage in the gallbladder. …”

High-throughput bacterial SNP typing identifies distinct clusters of SalmonellaTyphi causing typhoid in Nepalese children by Holt, K, Baker, S, Dongol, S, Basnyat, B, Adhikari, N, Thorson, S, Pulickal, A, Song, Y, Parkhill, J, Farrar, J, Murdoch, DR, Kelly, D, Pollard, A, Dougan, G

“… <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b>Background:</b> Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, which remains an important public health issue in many developing countries. …”

Antimicrobial resistance and gallbladder carriage of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal by Dongol, S

“…The aim of this thesis was to investigate the rate and factors leading to relapse with typhoid fever in patients who were enrolled in clinical treatment trials for acute enteric fever. …”