A global network for investigating the genomic epidemiology of malaria by Achidi, E, Agbenyega, T, Allen, S, Amodu, O, Bojang, K, Conway, D, Corran, P, Deloukas, P, Djimde, A, Dolo, A, Doumbo, O, Drakeley, C, Duffy, P, Dunstan, S, Evans, J, Farrar, J, Fernando, D, Hien, T, Horstmann, R, Ibrahim, M, Karunaweera, N, Kokwaro, G, Koram, K, Kwiatkowski, D, Lemnge, M

“…But there are scientific, ethical and practical challenges to carrying out such studies in developing countries, where the burden of disease is greatest. …”

Validation of a Dutch risk score predicting poor outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis in Vietnam and Malawi. by Schut, E, Brouwer, M, Scarborough, M, Mai, N, Thwaites, G, Farrar, J, Reitsma, J, van de Beek, D

“…The aim of the current study was to validate this model in adults with bacterial meningitis from two developing countries, Vietnam and Malawi. Demographic and clinical characteristics of Vietnamese (n = 426), Malawian patients (n = 465) differed substantially from those of Dutch patients (n = 696). …”

The emergence of rotavirus G12 and the prevalence of enteric viruses in hospitalized pediatric diarrheal patients in southern Vietnam. by Tra My, P, Rabaa, M, Vinh, H, Holmes, E, Hoang, N, Vinh, N, Phuong, LT, Tham, N, Bay, P, Campbell, J, Farrar, J, Baker, S

“…Diarrhea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the majority of infections are of viral etiology. …”

Microbiologic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium tetani isolated from wounds of patients with clinically diagnosed tetanus. by Campbell, J, Lam, T, Huynh, T, To, S, Tran, T, Nguyen, V, Le, T, Nguyen, V, Parry, C, Farrar, J, Tran, T, Baker, S

“…Despite an effective vaccine, tetanus is an ongoing problem in some developing countries. Diagnosis by bacterial culture is not done because it is generally unnecessary and the entry of route of the bacteria can be inapparent. …”

Kinetics of the natural, humoral immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal by Pulickal, A, Gautam, S, Clutterbuck, E, Thorson, S, Basynat, B, Adhikari, N, Makepeace, K, Rijpkema, S, Borrow, R, Farrar, J, Pollard, A

“…Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries, conservatively estimated to occur in 17 million cases and be responsible for 200,000 deaths annually. …”

Random PCR and ultracentrifugation increases sensitivity and throughput of VIDISCA for screening of pathogens in clinical specimens by Tan, L, Rogier van Doorn, H, van der Hoek, L, Hien, V, Ha, D, Farrar, J, Chau, N, de Jong, M

The decline of typhoid and the rise of non-typhoid salmonellae and fungal infections in a changing HIV landscape: bloodstream infection trends over 15 years in southern Vietnam. by Nga, T, Parry, C, Le, T, Lan, N, Diep, T, Campbell, J, Hoang, N, Dung, LT, Wain, J, Dolecek, C, Farrar, J, Chau, N, Hien, T, Day, J, Baker, S

“…The etiological spectrum of bloodstream infections is variable between industrialized and developing countries and even within a defined location over time. …”

Kinetics of the natural, humoral immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal. by Pulickal, A, Gautam, S, Clutterbuck, E, Thorson, S, Basynat, B, Adhikari, N, Makepeace, K, Rijpkema, S, Borrow, R, Farrar, J, Pollard, A

“…Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries, conservatively estimated to occur in 17 million cases and be responsible for 200,000 deaths annually. …”

Epidemiological features and risk factors of Salmonella gastroenteritis in children resident in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. by Thompson, C, Phan, V, Le, T, Pham, T, Hoang, L, Ha, V, Nguyen, V, Pham, V, Nguyen, T, Cao, T, Tran, T, Nguyen, T, Dao, M, Campbell, J, Nguyen, T, Tang, C, Ha, M, Farrar, J, Baker, S

“…Non-typhoidal Salmonella are an important but poorly characterized cause of paediatric diarrhoea in developing countries. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in children aged <5 years in Ho Chi Minh City to define the epidemiology and examine risk factors associated with Salmonella diarrhoeal infections. …”

Diagnosis of adult tuberculous meningitis by use of clinical and laboratory features. by Thwaites, G, Chau, T, Stepniewska, K, Phu, N, Chuong, L, Sinh, D, White, N, Parry, C, Farrar, J

“…Discrimination of cases from those of bacterial meningitis by clinical features alone is often impossible, and current laboratory methods remain inadequate or inaccessible in developing countries. We aimed to create a simple diagnostic aid for tuberculous meningitis in adults on the basis of clinical and basic laboratory features. …”

A changing picture of shigellosis in southern Vietnam: shifting species dominance, antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical presentation by Vinh, H, Nhu, N, Nga, T, Duy, P, Campbell, J, Hoang, N, Boni, M, My, P, Parry, C, Nga, T, Van Minh, P, Thuy, C, Diep, T, Phuong, LT, Chinh, M, Loan, H, Tham, N, Lanh, M, Mong, B, Anh, V, Bay, P, Chau, N, Farrar, J, Baker, S

“… <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b> Background:</b> Shigellosis remains considerable public health problem in some developing countries. The nature of Shigellae suggests that they are highly adaptable when placed under selective pressure in a human population. …”

Aetiologies of central nervous system infection in Viet Nam: a prospective provincial hospital-based descriptive surveillance study. by Ho Dang Trung, N, Le Thi Phuong, T, Wolbers, M, Nguyen Van Minh, H, Nguyen Thanh, V, Van, M, Thieu, N, Van, T, Song, D, Thi, P, Thi Phuong, T, Van, C, Tang, V, Ngoc Anh, T, Nguyen, D, Trung, T, Thi Nam, L, Kiem, H, Thi Thanh, T, Campbell, J, Caws, M, Day, J, Jong, d, Van Vinh, C, Van Doorn, H, Tinh, H, Farrar, J, Schultsz, C

“…BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) remain common and life-threatening, especially in developing countries. Knowledge of the aetiological agents responsible for these infections is essential to guide empiric therapy and develop a rational public health policy. …”

High-throughput bacterial SNP typing identifies distinct clusters of SalmonellaTyphi causing typhoid in Nepalese children by Holt, K, Baker, S, Dongol, S, Basnyat, B, Adhikari, N, Thorson, S, Pulickal, A, Song, Y, Parkhill, J, Farrar, J, Murdoch, DR, Kelly, D, Pollard, A, Dougan, G

“…Typhi) causes typhoid fever, which remains an important public health issue in many developing countries. Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, is an area of high incidence and the pediatric population appears to be at high risk of exposure and infection.…”

Characterization of hospital and community-acquired respiratory syncytial virus in children with severe lower respiratory tract infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2010 by Tuan, T, Thanh, T, Hai, N, Tinh, L, Kim, L, Do, L, Chinh B'Krong, N, Tham, N, Hang, V, Merson, L, Farrar, J, Thuong, T, de Jong, M, Schultsz, C, van Doorn, H

“…Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important community and nosocomial pathogen in developed countries but data regarding the importance of RSV in developing countries are relatively scarce.During a 1-year surveillance study in 2010, we took serial samples from children admitted to the Emergency Unit of the Respiratory Ward of Children's Hospital 1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. …”

Antibiotic use and resistance in emerging economies: a situation analysis for Viet Nam. by Nguyen, K, Thi, N, Chandna, A, Nguyen, T, Pham, C, Doan, P, Nguyen, A, Thi Nguyen, C, Larsson, M, Escalante, S, Olowokure, B, Laxminarayan, R, Gelband, H, Horby, P, Thi Ngo, H, Hoang, M, Farrar, J, Hien, T, Wertheim, H

“…Strategies to contain antimicrobial resistance have been comprehensively set forth, however in developing countries where the need for effective antimicrobials is greatest implementation has proved problematic. …”

Gatifloxacin versus chloramphenicol for uncomplicated enteric fever: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. by Arjyal, A, Basnyat, B, Koirala, S, Karkey, A, Dongol, S, Agrawaal, K, Shakya, N, Shrestha, K, Sharma, M, Lama, S, Shrestha, K, Khatri, N, Shrestha, U, Campbell, J, Baker, S, Farrar, J, Wolbers, M, Dolecek, C

“…INTERPRETATION: Although no more efficacious than chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin should be the preferred treatment for enteric fever in developing countries because of its shorter treatment duration and fewer adverse events. …”

Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe by Holt, K, Baker, S, Weill, F, Holmes, E, Holmes, E, Kitchen, A, Yu, J, Sangal, V, Brown, D, Coia, J, Kim, D, Kim, D, Choi, S, Kim, S, Da Silveira, W, Pickard, D, Farrar, J, Parkhill, J, Dougan, G, Thomson, N

“…Historically, S. sonnei has been predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries but is now emerging as a problem in the developing world, seeming to replace the more diverse Shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality. …”

Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe. by Holt, K, Baker, S, Weill, F, Holmes, E, Kitchen, A, Yu, J, Sangal, V, Brown, D, Coia, J, Kim, D, Choi, S, Kim, S, da Silveira, W, Pickard, D, Farrar, J, Parkhill, J, Dougan, G, Thomson, N

“…Historically, S. sonnei has been predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries but is now emerging as a problem in the developing world, seeming to replace the more diverse Shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality(4-6). …”