Central Bank Independence: Reassessing the Measurements. by Forder, J

“…Attempts to test the hypothesis that central bank independence lowers inflation have not produced a way of assessing measures of independence. …”

Traps in the Measurement of Independence and Accountability of Central Banks. by Forder, J

“…Measures of central banks' independence and central banks' accountability which are based on an interpretation of their statutes provide, in themselves, no guidance for the assessment of legislative proposals. …”

Traps in the measurement of independence and accountability of central banks by Forder, J

“…Measures of central banks' independence and central banks' accountability which are based on an interpretation of their statutes provide, in themselves, no guidance for the assessment of legislative proposals. …”

Interests and 'Independence': The European Central Bank and the Theory of Bureaucracy. by Forder, J

“…The European Central Bank has an unprecedented degree of statutory independence. …”

Why Is Central Bank Independence So Widely Approved? by Forder, J

“…In terms of achieving broad professional support and giving economic analysis a clear influence on policy making, the doctrine that central bank independence improves economic performance has been a resounding success. …”

Central Bank Independence--Conceptual Clarifications and Interim Assessment. by Forder, J

“…The evidence that central bank independence reduces inflation or brings other benefits is questioned.…”

Central Bank Independence and Credibility: Is There a Shred of Evidence?: Review. by Forder, J

“…Sawyer, eds, The Political Economy of Central Banking. A. Blinder, Central Banking in Theory and Practice. …”

Central Bank Independence: Economic Theory, Evidence and Political Legitimacy. by Forder, J

The Case for an Independent European Central Bank: A Reassessment of Evidence and Sources. by Forder, J

“…The European Commission, drawing on much other research, has made an influential empirical case for central bank independence. In this paper, their evidence and the research on which it is based are scrutinised. …”

The Limits of "Independence" and the Policy of the ECB. by Forder, J

“…It is argued that the European Central Bank's independence is not as secure as it seems and that as a result it has appreciable institutional incentives to protect and enhance its position. …”

On the Assessment and Implementation of 'Institutional' Remedies. by Forder, J

“…The most common approach to testing for the benefits of central-bank independence is argued to be methodologically flawed for the reason that the measure of independence does not permit a test of the hypothesis which suggests that these benefits exist. …”

'Independence' and the Founding of the Federal Reserve. by Forder, J

“…Consequently, contrary to common practice in the economics literature, the "independence" (from government) of a central bank evidently cannot be measured by tabulating characteristics of its statutes.…”