Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. by Freeman, D, Garety, P, Bebbington, P, Smith, B, Rollinson, R, Fowler, D, Kuipers, E, Ray, K, Dunn, G

“… BACKGROUND: Previous studies of paranoia have assessed only limited numbers of paranoid thoughts, and have not considered the experience from a multidimensional perspective or examined the relationship between different suspicious thoughts. …”

The association between traumatic experience, paranoia and hallucinations: a test of the predictions of psychological models. by Gracie, A, Freeman, D, Green, S, Garety, P, Kuipers, E, Hardy, A, Ray, K, Dunn, G, Bebbington, P, Fowler, D

“…OBJECTIVE: The current study investigated the relationship between trauma and predisposition to hallucinations and to paranoia in a non-clinical sample. METHOD: A total of 228 students completed online measures of trauma, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schematic beliefs, perceptual anomalies, and predisposition to hallucinations and paranoia. …”

Cognitive Mechanisms of Change in Delusions: An Experimental Investigation Targeting Reasoning to Effect Change in Paranoia. by Garety, P, Waller, H, Emsley, R, Jolley, S, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, P, Dunn, G, Fowler, D, Hardy, A, Freeman, D

“…The primary hypotheses tested were that the reasoning training intervention, would improve (1) data gathering and belief flexibility and (2) delusional thinking, specifically paranoia. We then tested whether the changes in paranoia were mediated by changes in data gathering and flexibility, and whether working memory and negative symptoms moderated any intervention effects. …”

Negative cognition, depressed mood, and paranoia: a longitudinal pathway analysis using structural equation modeling. by Fowler, D, Hodgekins, J, Garety, P, Freeman, D, Kuipers, E, Dunn, G, Smith, B, Bebbington, P

“…The link between depressed mood and paranoia appeared to be mediated by negative cognition. …”

The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS): psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples. by Fowler, D, Freeman, D, Smith, B, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, P, Bashforth, H, Coker, S, Hodgekins, J, Gracie, A, Dunn, G, Garety, P

“…We report the internal consistency, stability and the factor structure of the scale, and the association of the BCSS with measures of self-esteem and with symptoms of paranoia and grandiosity. RESULTS: The BCSS have good psychometric properties and have more independence from mood than the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Schedule. …”

Paranoia and post-traumatic stress disorder in the months after a physical assault: a longitudinal study examining shared and differential predictors. by Freeman, D, Thompson, C, Vorontsova, N, Dunn, G, Carter, L, Garety, P, Kuipers, E, Slater, M, Antley, A, Glucksman, E, Ehlers, A

“…RESULTS: Factor analysis indicated that paranoia and PTSD were distinct experiences, though positively correlated. …”

Virtual reality study of paranoid thinking in the general population. by Freeman, D, Pugh, K, Antley, A, Slater, M, Bebbington, P, Gittins, M, Dunn, G, Kuipers, E, Fowler, D, Garety, P

“…Unfounded mistrust is called paranoia, and in severe forms is a central symptom of schizophrenia. …”

The psychology of persecutory ideation I: a questionnaire survey. by Freeman, D, Dunn, G, Garety, P, Bebbington, P, Slater, M, Kuipers, E, Fowler, D, Green, C, Jordan, J, Ray, K

“…Paranoia is a complex phenomenon that is likely to arise from a number of factors. …”

A measure of state persecutory ideation for experimental studies. by Freeman, D, Pugh, K, Green, C, Valmaggia, L, Dunn, G, Garety, P

“…We report the reliability and validity of the first state measure of paranoia: The State Social Paranoia Scale. The items in the measure conform to a recent definition in which persecutory thinking has the 2 elements of feared harm and perpetrator intent. …”

The use of immersive virtual reality (VR) to predict the occurrence 6 months later of paranoid thinking and posttraumatic stress symptoms assessed by self-report and interviewer me... by Freeman, D, Antley, A, Ehlers, A, Dunn, G, Thompson, C, Vorontsova, N, Garety, P, Kuipers, E, Glucksman, E, Slater, M

“…Responses to VR predicted the severity of paranoia and PTSD symptoms as assessed by standard measures 6 months later. …”

The Stress of the Street for Patients With Persecutory Delusions: A Test of the Symptomatic and Psychological Effects of Going Outside Into a Busy Urban Area. by Freeman, D, Emsley, R, Dunn, G, Fowler, D, Bebbington, P, Kuipers, E, Jolley, S, Waller, H, Hardy, A, Garety, P

“…There were indications that the increase in paranoia was partially mediated by increases in anxiety (45%), depression (38%), and negative beliefs about others (45%). …”

Virtual reality and paranoid ideations in people with an 'at-risk mental state' for psychosis. by Valmaggia, L, Freeman, D, Green, C, Garety, P, Swapp, D, Antley, A, Prescott, C, Fowler, D, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, P, Slater, M, Broome, M, McGuire, P

“…Persecutory ideation in virtual reality was predicted by higher levels of trait paranoia, anxiety, stress, immersion in virtual reality, perseveration and interpersonal sensitivity. …”

Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: a review. by Freeman, D, Garety, P

“…Each has plausible mechanistic links to the occurrence of paranoia. These causal factors may be influenced by a number of social circumstances, including adverse events, illicit drug use, and urban environments. …”

Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: A review by Freeman, D, Garety, P

“…Each has plausible mechanistic links to the occurrence of paranoia. These causal factors may be influenced by a number of social circumstances, including adverse events, illicit drug use, and urban environments. …”

Paranoid explanations of experience: a novel experimental study. by Green, C, Freeman, D, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, P, Fowler, D, Dunn, G, Garety, P

“… BACKGROUND: Paranoia is a common experience in the non-clinical population. …”

Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis: the contribution of depression. by Vorontsova, N, Garety, P, Freeman, D

“…They completed interviewer and self-report assessments of depression and paranoia, and measures of six cognitive factors (schematic beliefs, experiential avoidance, autobiographical memory, problem solving, rumination, worry style). …”

The psychological effect of an urban environment on individuals with persecutory delusions: the Camberwell walk study. by Ellett, L, Freeman, D, Garety, P

“…It was predicted that the urban environment would affect emotional and reasoning processes highlighted in a cognitive model of persecutory delusions and would increase paranoia. METHOD: Thirty patients with persecutory delusions were randomised to exposure to a deprived urban environment or to a brief mindfulness relaxation task. …”

The psychology of persecutory ideation II: a virtual reality experimental study. by Freeman, D, Garety, P, Bebbington, P, Slater, M, Kuipers, E, Fowler, D, Green, C, Jordan, J, Ray, K, Dunn, G

“…Scorers across the range of paranoia entered a virtual reality scene populated by five computer characters programmed to behave neutrally (N = 30). …”

Current paranoid thinking in patients with delusions: the presence of cognitive-affective biases. by Freeman, D, Dunn, G, Fowler, D, Bebbington, P, Kuipers, E, Emsley, R, Jolley, S, Garety, P

“…Psychological research on persecutory delusions ascribes a prominent role to cognitive processes related to negative affect: anxiety leads to the anticipation of threat within paranoia; depressive negative ideas about the self create a sense of vulnerability in which paranoid thoughts flourish; and self-consciousness enhances feelings of the self as a target. …”

Measuring ideas of persecution and social reference: the Green et al. Paranoid Thought Scales (GPTS). by Green, C, Freeman, D, Kuipers, E, Bebbington, P, Fowler, D, Dunn, G, Garety, P

“…BACKGROUND: Paranoia is increasingly being studied in clinical and non-clinical populations. …”