The flagellum attachment zone: 'the cellular ruler' of trypanosome morphology by Sunter, JD, Gull, K

“…A defining feature of Trypanosoma brucei cell shape is the lateral attachment of the flagellum to the cell body, mediated by the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ). …”

Cytoskeletal architecture and components involved in the attachment of Trypanosoma congolense epimastigotes. by Beattie, P, Gull, K

“…Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Trypanosoma congolense epimastigotes attached to a plastic substratum shows them to elaborate a complex flagellum filament system and plaque with a highly organized structure. …”

Calmodulin is required for paraflagellar rod assembly and flagellum-cell body attachment in trypanosomes. by Ginger, M, Collingridge, P, Brown, R, Sproat, R, Shaw, M, Gull, K

“…Finally, wider comparison between the flagellum detachment phenotypes of RNAi mutants for CaM and the FLA1 glycoprotein potentially provides new perspective into the function of the latter into establishing and maintaining flagellum-cell body attachment. …”

Assembly of the paraflagellar rod and the flagellum attachment zone complex during the Trypanosoma brucei cell cycle. by Kohl, L, Sherwin, T, Gull, K

“…Trypanosomes possess a single flagellum that is attached to their cell body via the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ). …”

A repetitive protein essential for the flagellum attachment zone filament structure and function in Trypanosoma brucei. by Vaughan, S, Kohl, L, Ngai, I, Wheeler, R, Gull, K

“…The flagellum is attached along the length of the cell body in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei and is a defining morphological feature of this parasite. …”

A Trypanosoma brucei protein required for maintenance of the flagellum attachment zone and flagellar pocket ER domains. by Lacomble, S, Vaughan, S, Deghelt, M, Moreira-Leite, F, Gull, K

“…In trypanosomes, this flagellum is attached to the cell along a complex flagellum attachment zone (FAZ), comprising flagellar and cytoplasmic components, the integrity of which is required for correct cell morphogenesis and division. …”

Flagellar pocket restructuring through the Leishmania life cycle involves a discrete flagellum attachment zone by Wheeler, RJ, Sunter, JD, Gull, K

“…Leishmania promastigote parasites have a flagellum, which protrudes from the flagellar pocket at the cell anterior, yet, surprisingly, have homologs of many flagellum attachment zone (FAZ) proteins – proteins used in the related Trypanosoma species to laterally attach the flagellum to the cell body from the flagellar pocket to the cell posterior. …”

Immunological characterization of cytoskeletal proteins associated with the basal body, axoneme and flagellum attachment zone of Trypanosoma brucei. by Woodward, R, Carden, M, Gull, K

Modulation of flagellum attachment zone protein FLAM3 and regulation of the cell shape in Trypanosoma brucei life cycle transitions by Sunter, JD, Benz, C, Andre, J, Whipple, S, McKean, P, Gull, K, Ginger, ML, Lukeš, J

“…The cell shape of Trypanosoma brucei is influenced by flagellum-to-cell-body attachment through a specialised structure – the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ). …”

Evidence for a Mr 88,000 glycoprotein with a transmembrane association to a unique flagellum attachment region in Trypanosoma brucei. by Woods, A, Baines, A, Gull, K

“…The lectin concanavalin A (ConA) bound to the outer surface of T. brucei in two discrete locations; one a narrow line close to the flagellum attachment zone on the cell body, the other at the distal tip of the flagellum itself. …”

Genetic dissection of the Leishmania paraflagellar rod, a unique flagellar cytoskeleton structure. by Maga, J, Sherwin, T, Francis, S, Gull, K, LeBowitz, J

“…These data suggest that while PFR filaments contain both PFR1 and PFR2, the PFR is attached to the axoneme by interaction of PFR1 with the axoneme attachment fibers.…”

Cryo-electron tomography and 3-D analysis of the intact flagellum in Trypanosoma brucei by Höög, J, Bouchet-Marquis, C, McIntosh, JR, Hoenger, A, Gull, K

“…These parasites have a flagellum that is attached to the cell body and is indispensible for its motility. …”

Protein diversity in discrete structures at the distal tip of the trypanosome flagellum by Varga, V, Moreira-Leite, F, Portman, N, Gull, K

“…On the opposite side, a kinetoplastid-specific kinesin facilitates attachment of the junction to the microtubules in the mature flagellum. …”

A dynamic coordination of flagellum and cytoplasmic cytoskeleton assembly specifies cell morphogenesis in trypanosomes. by Sunter, J, Varga, V, Dean, S, Gull, K

“…A defining feature of Trypanosoma bruceiis the lateral attachment of its single flagellum to the cell body, which is mediated by a cytoskeletal structure called the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ). …”

A high-order trans-membrane structural linkage is responsible for mitochondrial genome positioning and segregation by flagellar basal bodies in trypanosomes. by Ogbadoyi, E, Robinson, DR, Gull, K

“…We have developed novel extraction/fixation protocols to characterize the links involved in kinetoplast-flagellum attachment and segregation. We show that three specific components comprise a structure that we have termed the tripartite attachment complex (TAC). …”

A high-order trans-membrane structural linkage is responsible for mitochondrial genome positioning and segregation by flagellar basal bodies in trypanosomes by Ogbadoyi, E, Robinson, D, Gull, K

“…We have developed novel extraction/fixation protocols to characterize the links involved in kinetoplast-flagellum attachment and segregation. We show that three specific components comprise a structure that we have termed the tripartite attachment complex (TAC). …”

A cell-body groove housing the new flagellum tip suggests an adaptation of cellular morphogenesis for parasitism in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. by Hughes, L, Towers, K, Starborg, T, Gull, K, Vaughan, S

“…In Trypanosoma brucei the single flagellum is necessary for morphogenesis, cell motility and pathogenesis, and is attached along the cell body. A new flagellum is formed alongside the old during the cell division cycle. …”

A trypanosome structure involved in transmitting cytoplasmic information during cell division. by Moreira-Leite, F, Sherwin, T, Kohl, L, Gull, K

“…The procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei has a single, attached flagellum that describes a helical path along the cell from posterior to anterior. …”

Evidence for a sliding-resistance at the tip of the trypanosome flagellum. by Woolley, D, Gadelha, C, Gull, K

“…Electron micrographs of Crithidia deanei, Herpetomonas megaseliae, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major have confirmed that such attachments are present. Thus, it can be assumed that in trypanosomes microtubule sliding at the flagellar tip is resisted sufficiently to permit bend formation.…”

Definition of individual components within the cytoskeleton of Trypanosoma brucei by a library of monoclonal antibodies. by Woods, A, Sherwin, T, Sasse, R, MacRae, T, Baines, A, Gull, K

“…Four antibodies define particular tubulin isotypes and locate the microtubules of the axoneme and sub-pellicular array; two antibodies recognize the flagellum attachment zone; one recognizes the paraflagellar rod and another the basal bodies. …”