Parenting, the other oldes profession in the world- A cross-sectional study of parenting and child outcomes in South Africa and Malawi by Sherr, L, Macedo, A, Cluver, L, Meinck, F, Skeen, S, Hensels, I, Sherr, L, Roberts, K, Tomlinson, M

“…Influences on parenting could be seen through being the biological parent, parental mental health, poverty and stigma. …”

Factors associated with good and harsh parenting of pre-adolescents and adolescents in southern Africa by DeStone, S, Meinck, F, Sherr, L, Cluver, L, Doubt, J, Orkin, FM, Kuo, C, Sharma, A, Hensels, I, Skeen, S, Redfern, A, Tomlinson, M

“…Results: Poverty and stigma were found to be negatively associated with good parenting of pre-adolescents whilst biological parents, depression and multiple adults within a household were positively associated. …”

Emotional abuse of girls in Swaziland: prevalence, perpetrators, risk and protective factors and health outcomes by Meinck, F, Fry, D, Ginindza, C, Wazny, K, Elizalde, A, Spreckelsen, T, Maternowska, M, Dunne, M

“…The most common perpetrators were female (27.8%) and male (16.7%) relatives and, more rarely, biological parents. Risk factors associated with emotional abuse were frequent caregiver changes OR 1.42 [CI 1.03-1.97], poverty OR 1.51 [1.12-2.03], and physical abuse OR 1.98 [1.45-2.71] and sexual abuse OR 2.22 [1.57-3.10] victimisation. …”