Opium smoking suppression campaigns and the role of anti-opium movements in the Federated Malay States, 1906-1910 by Jayakumary Marimuthu, Mohd Firdaus Abdullah

“…By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese community consituted the majority of opium smokers due to the British and Chinese capitalists greed to gain profits through the rapidly growing opium trading. The emergence of anti-opium movements in FMS was triggered by a number of key elements such as the development of anti-opium movement in Britain and China, and the spirit of nationalism among local Malayan Chinese towards their Mainland China which was gradually weakening due to escalating number of opium problems. …”
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