Presidents, politics, and military strategy: Electoral constraints during the Iraq War by Payne, A

“…How do electoral politics affect presidential decisionmaking in war? As both commander in chief and elected officeholder, presidents must inevitably balance competing objectives of the national interest and political survival when assessing alternative military strategies in war. …”

Bargaining with the military: how presidents manage the political costs of civilian control by Payne, A

“…In an era of increased politicization of the military, there are powerful disincentives for commanders-in-chief to challenge the preferences of the senior military leadership. …”

All about politics: the American electoral cycle and decision-making in war by Payne, A

“…<p>How does electoral politics affect presidential decision-making in war? As both Commanders-in-Chief and elected officeholders, American presidents must balance the national interest with their often competing interest in political survival when assessing alternative strategies in war. …”