Traditional birth attendants in the Gambia. by Daly, C, Pollard, A

“…In developing countries traditional birth attendants help at 60-70% of births, despite rapidly expanding "Western-style" health services. …”

Vaccines against bacterial meningitis. by Segal, S, Pollard, A

“…Meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children >5 years of age and is especially prevalent in developing countries. Effective routine immunization against Hib, pneumococcus and serogroupC meningococcus has had a significant impact on both invasive disease and carriage caused by these encapsulated bacteria. …”

Vaccines against bacterial meningitis by Segal, S, Pollard, A

“…Meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children >5 years of age and is especially prevalent in developing countries. Effective routine immunization against Hib, pneumococcus and serogroupC meningococcus has had a significant impact on both invasive disease and carriage caused by these encapsulated bacteria. …”

Tropical disease vaccines. by Riddell, A, Pollard, A

“…However, this program is still not optimally implemented in all developing countries. The Extended Program of Immunization could benefit from the addition of several vaccines, but unfortunately the cost is prohibitive in many areas of the Tropics. …”

Kinetics of the natural, humoral immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal by Pulickal, A, Gautam, S, Clutterbuck, E, Thorson, S, Basynat, B, Adhikari, N, Makepeace, K, Rijpkema, S, Borrow, R, Farrar, J, Pollard, A

“…Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries, conservatively estimated to occur in 17 million cases and be responsible for 200,000 deaths annually. …”

Kinetics of the natural, humoral immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal. by Pulickal, A, Gautam, S, Clutterbuck, E, Thorson, S, Basynat, B, Adhikari, N, Makepeace, K, Rijpkema, S, Borrow, R, Farrar, J, Pollard, A

“…Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries, conservatively estimated to occur in 17 million cases and be responsible for 200,000 deaths annually. …”

Characterization and immunogenicity of a Shigella flexneri 2a O-antigen bioconjugate vaccine candidate by Ravenscroft, N, Braun, M, Schneider, J, Dreyer, A, Wetter, M, Haeuptle, M, Kemmler, S, Steffen, M, Sirena, D, Herwig, S, Carranza, P, Jones, C, Pollard, A, Wacker, M, Kowarik, M

“…Shigellosis remains a major cause of diarrheal disease in developing countries and causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children. …”

Hospital-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease among young children in urban Nepal by Williams, E, Thorson, S, Maskey, M, Mahat, S, Hamaluba, M, Dongol, S, Werno, A, Yadav, B, Shah, A, Kelly, D, Adhikari, N, Pollard, A, Murdoch, D

“…Before implementation of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in developing countries, there is an urgent need to provide regional epidemiological data on pneumococcal disease among young children hospitalized in urban Nepal. …”

Clinical profile of invasive pneumococcal diseases in Patan Hospital, Nepal. by Chhetri, U, Shrestha, S, Pradhan, R, Shrestha, A, Adhikari, N, Thorson, S, Pollard, A, Murdoch, DR, Kelly, D

“… BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal infection is one of the leading causes of pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia in developing countries. It accounts for one million deaths each year in children. …”

High-throughput bacterial SNP typing identifies distinct clusters of SalmonellaTyphi causing typhoid in Nepalese children by Holt, K, Baker, S, Dongol, S, Basnyat, B, Adhikari, N, Thorson, S, Pulickal, A, Song, Y, Parkhill, J, Farrar, J, Murdoch, DR, Kelly, D, Pollard, A, Dougan, G

“…Typhi) causes typhoid fever, which remains an important public health issue in many developing countries. Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, is an area of high incidence and the pediatric population appears to be at high risk of exposure and infection.…”

Hospital-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease among young children in urban Nepal. by Williams, E, Thorson, S, Maskey, M, Mahat, S, Hamaluba, M, Dongol, S, Werno, A, Yadav, B, Shah, A, Kelly, D, Adhikari, N, Pollard, A, Murdoch, DR

“…Before implementation of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in developing countries, there is an urgent need to provide regional epidemiological data on pneumococcal disease. …”

A simplified 4-site economical intradermal post-exposure rabies vaccine regimen: a randomised controlled comparison with standard methods. by Warrell, M, Riddell, A, Yu, L, Phipps, J, Diggle, L, Bourhy, H, Deeks, J, Fooks, A, Audry, L, Brookes, S, Meslin, F, Moxon, R, Pollard, A, Warrell, D

“… BACKGROUND: The need for economical rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is increasing in developing countries. Implementation of the two currently approved economical intradermal (ID) vaccine regimens is restricted due to confusion over different vaccines, regimens and dosages, lack of confidence in intradermal technique, and pharmaceutical regulations. …”

A simplified 4-site economical intradermal post-exposure rabies vaccine regimen: a randomised controlled comparison with standard methods by Warrell, M, Riddell, A, Yu, L, Phipps, J, Diggle, L, Bourhy, H, Deeks, J, Fooks, A, Audry, L, Brookes, S, Meslin, F, Moxon, E, Pollard, A, Warrell, D

“…Background: The need for economical rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is increasing in developing countries. Implementation of the two currently approved economical intradermal (ID) vaccine regimens is restricted due to confusion over different vaccines, regimens and dosages, lack of confidence in intradermal technique, and pharmaceutical regulations. …”

Group B meningococcal vaccine science and policy by Drysdale, SB, Pollard, A

“…Capsular group B Neisseria meningitidis is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. A new vaccine (4CMenB) has recently been developed which was found to have an acceptable safety profile in clinical studies and to be immunogenic. …”

Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. by Pollard, A, Perrett, K, Beverley, P

“…The use of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in developed countries over the past two decades has markedly decreased the burden of disease and mortality from these organisms through direct protection of the immunized and through herd immunity. …”

Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein - polysaccharide conjugate vaccines by Pollard, A, Perrett, K, Beverley, P

“…The use of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in developed countries over the past two decades has markedly decreased the burden of disease and mortality from these organisms through direct protection of the immunized and through herd immunity. …”

Challenges and progress in the development of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine. by Lewis, S, Sadarangani, M, Hoe, J, Pollard, A

“…Serogroup B meningococci cause the majority of the meningococcal disease burden in developed countries. Production of an effective and safe vaccine for serogroup B organisms has been hampered by the poor immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide that defines this group of bacteria. …”

Development of natural immunity to Neisseria meningitidis. by Pollard, A, Frasch, C

“…Although meningococcal disease is rare in industrialized nations, Neisseria meningitidis holds a prominent position amongst pediatric infections because of the dramatic clinical presentation of the disease, high mortality, epidemic potential and the recent disappearance of many other important infectious diseases in developed countries through improvements in public health and vaccination. …”

Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines-an unfinished story. by Sadarangani, M, Pollard, A

“…Most invasive meningococcal disease in developed countries is caused by Neisseria meningitidis with a serogroup B capsule. …”

Challenges in immunisation against bacterial infection in children. by Trück, J, Pollard, A

“…The use of conjugate vaccines in developed countries has markedly decreased the burden of disease and mortality from these organisms through direct protection of the immunised and through herd immunity. …”