An information war waged by merchants and missionaries at Canton : the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, 1834-1839 by Chen, Songchuan.

“…Behind the rhetoric of war and knowledge diffusion in Canton, lay a convergence of interests between merchants and missionaries, which drove both to employ information and military power to further their shared aim of opening China up for trade and proselytizing.…”
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Chinese Englishes : from Canton jargon to global English by Bolton, Kingsley

“…From a period of 'first contact' in 1637, this history includes the era of Chinese pidgin English from the mid-eighteenth century to the recent past, the impact of missionary schools and universities, Nationalist intiatives before 1949, and the Open Door policies of the last two decades. …”
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Language and hybridization : Pidgin tales from the China Coast by Bolton, Kingsley

“…In the case of Chinese pidgin English, early accounts of the use of ‘broken English’ are found in the memoirs of sailors and merchants on the South China coast, and these were later supplemented by missionary and colonial accounts from Canton, Hong Kong and the treaty ports of China. …”
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(翻譯與帝國官僚：英國漢學教授佐痲須（James Summers; 1828-91）與十九世紀東亞（中日）知識的產生) = Translation and imperial bureaucrat : the British sinologist James Summers and the knowledge production of East Asia... by 關詩珮 Kwan, Uganda Sze Pui

“…The paper will use an extensive original archival material extracted from the archives Foreign Office, British museum, Oxford University, Church Missionary Society to aid the discussion.…”
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