Why conspiracy theorists are not always paranoid: Conspiracy theories and paranoia form separate factors with distinct psychological predictors by Alsuhibani, A, Shevlin, M, Freeman, D, Sheaves, B, Bentall, RP

“…Paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories both involve suspiciousness about the intentions of others but have rarely been studied together. …”

An early Phase II randomised controlled trial testing the effect on persecutory delusions of using CBT to reduce negative cognitions about the self: The potential benefits of enhan... by Freeman, D, Pugh, K, Dunn, G, Evans, N, Sheaves, B, Waite, F, Cernis, E, Lister, R, Fowler, D

“…BACKGROUND: Research has shown that paranoia may directly build on negative ideas about the self. …”

An early Phase II randomised controlled trial testing the effect on persecutory delusions of using CBT to reduce negative cognitions about the self: The potential benefits of enhan... by Freeman, D, Pugh, K, Dunn, G, Evans, N, Sheaves, B, Waite, F, Cernis, E, Lister, R, Fowler, D

“… <p style="text-align:justify;"> <b>Background:</b> Research has shown that paranoia may directly build on negative ideas about the self. …”

Insomnia and hallucinations in the general population: findings from the 2000 and 2007 British Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys: Insomnia and hallucinations in the general population by Sheaves, B, Bebbington, P, Goodwin, G, Harrison, P, Espie, C, Foster, R, Freeman, D

“…It has been identified as a contributory cause of paranoia, but any causal relationship with hallucinations has yet to be established. …”

Insomnia and hallucinations in the general population: Findings from the 2000 and 2007 British Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys by Sheaves, B, Bebbington, P, Goodwin, G, Harrison, P, Espie, C, Foster, R, Freeman, D

“…It has been identified as a contributory cause of paranoia, but any causal relationship with hallucinations has yet to be established. …”

The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis. by Freeman, D, Sheaves, B, Goodwin, G, Yu, L, Nickless, A, Harrison, P, Emsley, R, Luik, A, Foster, R, Wadekar, V, Hinds, C, Gumley, A, Jones, R, Lightman, S, Jones, S, Bentall, R, Kinderman, P, Rowse, G, Brugha, T, Blagrove, M, Gregory, A, Fleming, L, Walklet, E, Glazebrook, C, Davies, E, Hollis, C, Haddock, G, John, B, Coulson, M, Fowler, D, Pugh, K, Cape, J, Moseley, P, Brown, G, Hughes, C, Obonsawin, M, Coker, S, Watkins, E, Schwannauer, M, MacMahon, K, Siriwardena, A, Espie, C

“…Insomnia was a mediator of change in paranoia and hallucinations. No adverse events were reported. …”

The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis by Freeman, D, Sheaves, B, Goodwin, G, Yu, L, Nickless, A, Harrison, P, Emsley, R, Luik, A, Fosterk, R, Wadekar, V, Hinds, C, Gumley, A, Jones, R, Lightman, S, Jones, S, Bentall, R, Kinderman, P, Rowse, G, Brugha, T, Blagrove, M, Gregory, A, Fleming, L, Walklet, E, Glazebrook, C, Davies, E, Hollis, C, Haddock, G, John, B, Coulson, M, Fowler, D, Pugh, K, Cape, J, Moseley, P, Brown, G, Hughes, C, Obonsawin, M, Coker, S, Watkins, E, Schwannauer, M, Macmahon, K, Siriwardena, A, Espie, C

“…Insomnia was a mediator of change in paranoia and hallucinations. No adverse events were reported. …”

Disrupting Sleep: The Effects of Sleep Loss on Psychotic Experiences Tested in an Experimental Study With Mediation Analysis by Reeve, S, Emsley, R, Sheaves, B, Freeman, D

“…Our view is that insomnia may be a causal factor in the occurrence of psychotic experiences such as paranoia and hallucinations. However, the causal relationship is not established. …”

Nightmares in the general population: identifying potential causal factors. by Rek, S, Sheaves, B, Freeman, D

“…</p> <h4>Results</h4> <p>Nightmare occurrence, adjusting for negative affect, was associated with higher levels of worry, depersonalisation, hallucinatory experiences, paranoia, and sleep duration (odds ratios 1.25–1.45). …”

Sleep and schizophrenia: from epiphenomenon to treatable causal target by Waite, F, Sheaves, B, Isham, L, Reeve, S, Freeman, D

“…It has been identified as a putative causal factor in the onset and persistence of psychotic experiences (paranoia and hallucinations). Hence sleep disruption may be a potential treatment target to prevent the onset of psychosis and reduce persistent psychotic experiences. …”

Cognitive behaviour therapy for nightmares for patients with persecutory delusions (Nites): an assessor-blind, pilot randomised controlled trial by Sheaves, B, Holmes, E, Rek, S, Taylor, K, Nickless, A, Waite, F, Germain, A, Espie, C, Harrison, P, Foster, R, Freeman, D

“…It shows promise on paranoia but potentially not on suicidal ideation.</p>…”

The revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS): psychometric properties, severity ranges, and clinical cut-offs by Freeman, D, Loe, B, Kingdon, D, Startup, H, Molodynski, A, Rosebrock, L, Brown, P, Sheaves, B, Waite, F, Bird, J

“…The R-GPTS is a more precise measure, has excellent psychometric properties, and is recommended for future studies of paranoia.</p>…”

Insomnia, negative affect, and psychotic experiences: Modelling pathways over time in a clinical observational study by Reeve, S, Nickless, A, Sheaves, B, Freeman, D

“…Insomnia was also found to be a stronger predictor of later hallucinations than vice versa, although a bidirectional relationship was indicated between insomnia and paranoia. In conclusion, insomnia predicts persistence of psychotic experiences over time to the same or greater extent than psychotic experiences contribute to insomnia. …”

The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review by Reeve, S, Sheaves, B, Freeman, D

“…This literature robustly supports the co-occurrence of sleep dysfunction and psychotic experiences, particularly insomnia with paranoia. Sleep dysfunction predicting subsequent psychotic experiences receives support from epidemiological surveys, research on the transition to psychosis, and relapse studies. …”

Nightmares and psychiatric symptoms: a systematic review of longitudinal, experimental, and clinical trial studies by Sheaves, B, Rek, S, Freeman, D

“…Treating nightmares led to moderate reductions in PTSD and depression, small to moderate reductions in anxiety, and potentially moderate reductions in paranoia. Nightmares increased the risk of later suicide outcomes (<em>n</em>&nbsp;=&nbsp;10), but two small pilot trials indicated that treating nightmares might potentially prevent recovery of suicidal ideation. …”

Insomnia, nightmares, and chronotype as markers of risk for severe mental illness: Results from a student population. by Sheaves, B, Porcheret, K, Tsanas, A, Espie, C, Foster, R, Freeman, D, Harrison, P, Wulff, K, Goodwin, G

“…The cross-sectional data were used to cluster participants based on dimensional measures of psychiatric symptoms (hallucinations, paranoia, depression, anxiety, and (hypo)mania). High, medium, and low symptom groups were compared across sleep parameters: insomnia symptoms, nightmares, chronotype, and social jet lag.…”