The quality of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine products in the Kenyan retail sector. by Amin, A, Snow, R, Kokwaro, G

“…This paper seeks to assess the quality of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) products available over-the-counter to communities in Kenya as most malaria fevers are self-medicated using drugs from the informal retail sector. METHODS: A retail audit of 880 retail outlets was carried in 2002 in four districts in Kenya, in which antimalarial drug stocks and their primary wholesale sources were noted. …”

Brands, costs and registration status of antimalarial drugs in the Kenyan retail sector. by Amin, A, Snow, R

“…Data on registration status and trade prices were compared with similar data generated through a retail audit undertaken among 880 randomly sampled retailers in four districts of Kenya. …”

Brands, costs and registration status of antimalarial drugs in the Kenyan retail sector by Snow, R, Amin, A

“…Data on registration status and trade prices were compared with similar data generated through a retail audit undertaken among 880 randomly sampled retailers in four districts of Kenya. …”

Brands, costs and registration status of antimalarial drugs in the Kenyan retail sector by Amin, A, Snow, R

“…Data on registration status and trade prices were compared with similar data generated through a retail audit undertaken among 880 randomly sampled retailers in four districts of Kenya. …”

Wealth, mother's education and physical access as determinants of retail sector net use in rural Kenya by Snow, R, Omumbo, J, Zurovac, D, Noor, A, Amin, A

“…Conclusion: Approaches to promoting access to nets through the retail sector disadvantage poor and remote communities where mothers are less well educated.…”

Wealth, mother's education and physical access as determinants of retail sector net use in rural Kenya by Noor, A, Omumbo, J, Amin, A, Zurovac, D, Snow, R

“…Conclusion: Approaches to promoting access to nets through the retail sector disadvantage poor and remote communities where mothers are less well educated.…”

Wealth, mother's education and physical access as determinants of retail sector net use in rural Kenya. by Noor, A, Omumbo, J, Amin, A, Zurovac, D, Snow, R

“…CONCLUSION: Approaches to promoting access to nets through the retail sector disadvantage poor and remote communities where mothers are less well educated.…”

Evaluating different dimensions of programme effectiveness for private medicine retailer malaria control interventions in Kenya. by Abuya, T, Fegan, G, Amin, A, Akhwale, W, Noor, A, Snow, R, Marsh, V

“… BACKGROUND: Private medicine retailers (PMRs) are key partners in the home management of fevers in many settings. …”

Understanding the impact of subsidizing artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in the retail sector--results from focus group discussions in rural Kenya by Kedenge, S, Kangwana, B, Waweru, E, Nyandigisi, A, Pandit, J, Brooker, S, Snow, R, Goodman, C

“…A cluster randomized trial of such subsidies was conducted in 3 districts in Kenya, comprising provision of subsidized packs of paediatric ACT to retail outlets, training of retail staff, and community awareness activities. …”

The impact of retail-sector delivery of artemether-lumefantrine on malaria treatment of children under five in Kenya: a cluster randomized controlled trial. by Kangwana, B, Kedenge, S, Noor, A, Alegana, V, Nyandigisi, A, Pandit, J, Fegan, G, Todd, J, Brooker, S, Snow, R, Goodman, C

“…The intervention comprised provision of subsidized packs of paediatric ACT to retail outlets, training of retail outlet staff, and community awareness activities. …”

IMPACT OF SUBSIDIZED ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE (AL) IN THE RETAIL SECTOR ON COVERAGE OF PROMPT EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN KENYA: A CLUSTER RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL by Kangwana, B, Osano, S, Noor, A, Alegana, V, Nyandigisi, A, Pandit, J, Andrews, M, Bunyi, M, Fegan, G, Brooker, S, Snow, R, Goodman, C

The effect of an anti-malarial subsidy programme on the quality of service provision of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Kenya: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial. by Kangwana, B, Kedenge, S, Noor, A, Alegana, V, Nyandigisi, A, Pandit, J, Fegan, G, Todd, J, Snow, R, Goodman, C

“…To improve the quality of care received for presumptive malaria from the highly accessed private retail sector in western Kenya, subsidized pre-packaged artemether-lumefantrine (AL) was provided to private retailers, together with a one day training for retail staff on malaria diagnosis and treatment, job aids and community engagement activities. …”

Child malaria treatment practices among mothers in Kenya. by Mwenesi, H, Harpham, T, Snow, R

“…Ill children were treated promptly by purchase of over-the-counter drugs at retail outlets. The health education implications of these findings are discussed.…”

The difference between effectiveness and efficacy of antimalarial drugs in Kenya. by Amin, A, Hughes, D, Marsh, V, Abuya, T, Kokwaro, G, Winstanley, P, Ochola, SA, Snow, R

“…METHODS: We undertook a series of linked surveys in four districts of Kenya between 2001 and 2002 on (i) community usage of nationally recommended first- and second-line AM drugs; (ii) commonly stocked AM products in the retail and wholesale sectors; and (iii) quality of the most commonly available first- and second-line AM products. …”

The management of fevers in Kenyan children and adults in an area of seasonal malaria transmission. by Guyatt, H, Snow, R

“…The use of the informal retail sector was common (47% of first actions), though most visits to shops and chemists (77%) resulted in treatment with an antipyretic not an antimalarial. …”

The use of formal and informal curative services in the management of paediatric fevers in four districts in Kenya. by Amin, A, Marsh, V, Noor, A, Ochola, SA, Snow, R

“…The median delay to any treatment was 2 days [inter-quartile range (IQR): 2, 4]. The informal retail sector had no transport costs associated with it and charged less for drugs than all the other sectors. …”

Increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in insecticide-treated bed net use among rural Kenyan children. by Noor, A, Amin, A, Akhwale, W, Snow, R

“…ITN coverage was only 7.1% in 2004 when the predominant source of nets was the commercial retail sector. By the end of 2005, following the expansion of heavily subsidized clinic distribution system, ITN coverage rose to 23.5%. …”

Increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in insecticide-treated bed net use among rural Kenyan children by Noor, A, Amin, A, Akhwale, W, Snow, R

“…ITN coverage was only 7.1% in 2004 when the predominant source of nets was the commercial retail sector. By the end of 2005, following the expansion of heavily subsidized clinic distribution system, ITN coverage rose to 23.5%. …”