Aerodynamic Robust Design Research Using Adjoint-Based Optimization under Operating Uncertainties by Yuhang Ma, Jiecheng Du, Tihao Yang, Yayun Shi, Libo Wang, Wei Wang

“…This paper first combines gradient-based optimization using the discrete adjoint-based approach with the polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) method to establish the ROD framework. A flying-wing configuration is optimized using deterministic optimization and ROD methods, respectively. …”
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