Unilateral cortical spreading depression affects sleep need and induces molecular and electrophysiological signs of synaptic potentiation in vivo. by Faraguna, U, Nelson, A, Vyazovskiy, V, Cirelli, C, Tononi, G

“…One recent study also found that CSD is followed by a non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep duration increase, suggesting an increased need for sleep. …”

A causal role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. by Faraguna, U, Vyazovskiy, V, Nelson, AB, Tononi, G, Cirelli, C

“…The effect was reversible within 2 h, and did not occur during wakefulness or rapid eye movement sleep. Asymmetries in NREM SWA did not occur after vehicle injections. …”

Sleep in Kcna2 knockout mice by Douglas, C, Vyazovskiy, V, Southard, T, Chiu, S, Messing, A, Tononi, G, Cirelli, C

“…KO pups have significantly less non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (-23%) and significantly more waking (+21%) than HZ and WT siblings with no change in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time. …”

Homeostatic regulation of sleep in the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) by Jones, S, Vyazovskiy, V, Cirelli, C, Tononi, G, Benca, R

“…In mammals, the best marker of the homeostatic sleep drive is slow wave activity (SWA), the electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum in the 0.5–4 Hz frequency range during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In mammals, NREM sleep SWA is high at sleep onset, when sleep pressure is high, and decreases progressively to reach low levels in late sleep. …”

Triggering slow waves during NREM sleep in the rat by intracortical electrical stimulation: effects of sleep/wake history and background activity. by Vyazovskiy, V, Faraguna, U, Cirelli, C, Tononi, G

“…In humans, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep slow waves occur not only spontaneously but can also be induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. …”

Lempel-Ziv complexity analysis of local field potentials in different vigilance states with different coarse-graining techniques by Abásolo, D, da Silva, R, Simons, S, Tononi, G, Cirelli, C, Vyazovskiy, V

“…LZ complexity of local field potential signals recorded from the neocortex of 11 adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats in different vigilance states - waking, non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep - was estimated with different coarse-graining techniques (median, LZCm, and k-means, LZCkm). …”

Responses in rat core auditory cortex are preserved during sleep apindle oscillations by Sela, Y, Vyazovskiy, V, Cirelli, C, Tononi, G, Nir, Y

“…A long-standing hypothesis suggests that a high arousal threshold during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is mediated by sleep spindle oscillations, impairing thalamocortical transmission of incoming sensory stimuli. …”

Why does sleep slow-wave activity increase after extended wake? Assessing the effects of increased cortical firing during wake and sleep by Rodriguez, A, Funk, C, Vyazovskiy, V, Nir, Y, Tononi, G, Cirelli, C

“…During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, cortical neurons alternate between ON periods of firing and OFF periods of silence. …”

Sleep homeostasis in the rat is preserved during chronic sleep restriction. by Leemburg, S, Vyazovskiy, V, Olcese, U, Bassetti, C, Tononi, G, Cirelli, C

“…The best characterized marker of sleep homeostasis is slow wave activity (SWA), the EEG power between 0.5 and 4 Hz during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. SWA reflects the accumulation of sleep pressure as a function of duration and/or intensity of prior wake: it increases after spontaneous wake and short-term (3-24 h) sleep deprivation and decreases during sleep. …”

Long-term homeostasis of extracellular glutamate in the rat cerebral cortex across sleep and waking states. by Dash, M, Douglas, C, Vyazovskiy, V, Cirelli, C, Tononi, G

“…Specifically, the concentration of glutamate increased progressively during waking (0.329 +/- 0.06%/min) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (0.349 +/- 0.13%/min). This increase was opposed by a progressive decrease during non-REM (NREM) sleep (0.338 +/- 0.06%/min). …”

Sleep homeostasis and cortical synchronization: II. A local field potential study of sleep slow waves in the rat. by Vyazovskiy, V, Riedner, B, Cirelli, C, Tononi, G

“… STUDY OBJECTIVE: Sleep slow-wave activity (SWA, EEG power between 0.5 and 4.0 Hz) decreases homeostatically in the course of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) sleep. According to a recent hypothesis, the homeostatic decrease of sleep SWA is due to a progressive decrease in the strength of corticocortical connections. …”

Sleep homeostasis and cortical synchronization: III. A high-density EEG study of sleep slow waves in humans. by Riedner, B, Vyazovskiy, V, Huber, R, Massimini, M, Esser, S, Murphy, M, Tononi, G

“…MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: During late sleep (non-rapid eye movement [NREM] episodes 3 and 4, toward morning), when compared with early sleep (NREM sleep episodes 1 and 2, at the beginning of the night), the analysis revealed (1) reduced SWA, (2) fewer large-amplitude slow waves, (3) decreased wave slopes, (4) more frequent multipeak waves. …”