Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers. by Cowey, A, Walsh, V

“…Direct stimulation of visual cortex can produce illusory flashes of light, called phosphenes. Here we describe the spatial and motion properties of phosphenes produced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and in two subjects with peripheral or cortical blindness. …”

Making the blindsighted see. by Silvanto, J, Cowey, A, Lavie, N, Walsh, V

“…Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers. …”

Abnormal functional connectivity between ipsilesional V5/MT+ and contralesional striate cortex (V1) in blindsight. by Silvanto, J, Walsh, V, Cowey, A

“…In contrast, in neurologically normal control subjects, TMS applied over V5/MT+ never influenced the phosphenes induced from V1 in the other hemisphere. …”

Tickling the brain: studying visual sensation, perception and cognition by transcranial magnetic stimulation. by Cowey, A, Walsh, V

“…Examples of the latter are given from investigations of the nature of visual phosphenes produced by TMS applied to different regions of the visual cortex in normal subjects and subjects with occipital or ocular damage in an attempt to reveal the role of visual cortex in visual awareness.…”