In-vitro Neurotoxicity of Two Malaysian Krait Species (Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus) Venoms: Neutralization by Monovalent and Polyvalent Antivenoms from Thailand by Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili, Tee Ting Yee, Mohd Rais Mustafa, Iekhsan Othman, Wayne C. Hodgson

“…Both venoms caused concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches, and attenuated responses to exogenous nicotinic receptor agonists, in the chick biventer preparation, with B. candidus venom being more potent than B. fasciatus venom. …”
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An Examination of the Neutralization of In Vitro Toxicity of Chinese Cobra (<i>Naja atra</i>) Venom by Different Antivenoms by Qing Liang, Tam Minh Huynh, Nicki Konstantakopoulos, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Wayne C. Hodgson

“…Venom (30 µg/mL) also abolished direct twitches in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation and caused a significant increase in baseline tension, further indicative of myotoxicity. …”
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In Vitro Neutralization of the Myotoxicity of Australian Mulga Snake (<i>Pseudechis australis</i>) and Sri Lankan Russell’s Viper (<i>Daboia russelii</i>) Venoms by Australian and... by Prabhani Thakshila, Wayne C. Hodgson, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Anjana Silva

“…We studied the neutralisation of Sri Lankan Russell’s viper (<i>Daboia russelii</i>) and Australian mulga snake (<i>Pseudechis australis</i>) venom-induced myotoxicity by Indian (Vins and Bharat) and Australian (Seqirus) polyvalent antivenoms, using the in vitro chick biventer skeletal muscle preparation. Prior addition of Bharat or Vins antivenoms abolished <i>D. russelii</i> venom (30 µg/mL)-mediated inhibition of direct twitches, while Australian polyvalent antivenom was not protective. …”
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In Vitro Efficacy of Antivenom and Varespladib in Neutralising Chinese Russell’s Viper (<i>Daboia siamensis</i>) Venom Toxicity by Mimi Lay, Qing Liang, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Wayne C. Hodgson

“…In this study, we examined the efficacy of Chinese <i>D. siamensis</i> antivenom alone, and in combination with a PLA₂ inhibitor, Varespladib, in reversing the in vitro neuromuscular blockade in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. …”
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Effect of Indian Polyvalent Antivenom in the Prevention and Reversal of Local Myotoxicity Induced by Common Cobra (<i>Naja naja</i>) Venom from Sri Lanka In Vitro by Umesha Madhushani, Prabhani Thakshila, Wayne C. Hodgson, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Anjana Silva

“…We studied the time scale in which two Indian polyvalent antivenoms, VINS and Bharat, remain capable of preventing or reversing in vitro myotoxicity induced by common cobra (<i>Naja naja</i>) venom from Sri Lanka using the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. …”
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Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of α-Elapitoxin-Ot1a, a Short-Chain Postsynaptic Neurotoxin from the Venom of the Western Desert Taipan, Oxyuranus temporalis by Carmel M. Barber, Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili, Wayne C. Hodgson

“…We describe the characterization of α-elapitoxin-Ot1a (α-EPTX-Ot1a; 6712 Da), a short-chain postsynaptic neurotoxin, which accounts for approximately 30% of O. temporalis venom. α-Elapitoxin-Ot1a (0.1–1 µM) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect-twitches, and abolished contractile responses to exogenous acetylcholine and carbachol, in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. …”
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A Comparison of the Efficacy of Antivenoms and Varespladib against the In Vitro Pre-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of Thai and Javanese Russell’s Viper (<i>Daboia</i> spp.) Venoms by Mimi Lay, Wayne C. Hodgson

“…Both Thai and Javanese <i>D. siamensis</i> venoms displayed potent pre-synaptic neurotoxicity but weak myotoxicity in the chick biventer cervicis nerve–muscle preparation. …”
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The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro by Tam M. Huynh, Wayne C. Hodgson, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Anjana Silva

“…We investigated the ability of five commercial antivenoms i.e., King cobra monovalent, Thai cobra monovalent, Thai neuro polyvalent, Indian polyvalent and Australian polyvalent antivenoms to reverse neurotoxicity induced by the venoms of King cobra (<i>Ophiophagus hannah</i>, 3 µg/mL), Indian cobra <i>(Naja naja</i>, 5 µg/mL) and Thai cobra (<i>Naja kaouthia</i>, 3 µg/mL) using the in vitro chick-biventer cervicis nerve–muscle preparation. …”
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The Cardiovascular and Neurotoxic Effects of the  Venoms of Six Bony and Cartilaginous Fish Species by Han Han, Kate Baumann, Nicholas R. Casewell, Syed A. Ali, James Dobson, Ivan Koludarov, Jordan Debono, Scott C. Cutmore, Niwanthi W. Rajapakse, Timothy N. W. Jackson, Rob Jones, Wayne C. Hodgson, Bryan G. Fry, Sanjaya Kuruppu

“…The in vitro neurotoxic effects of venom were examined using the chick biventer cervicis nerve‐muscle (CBCNM) preparation. …”
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In Vitro Toxicity of Chinese Russell’s Viper (<i>Daboia siamensis</i>) Venom and Neutralisation by Antivenoms by Mimi Lay, Qing Liang, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Wayne C. Hodgson

“…<i>D. siamensis</i> venom (10–30 µg/mL) caused the concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches in the chick biventer cervicis nerve muscle preparation, without abolishing contractile responses to exogenous agonists ACh or CCh, indicating pre-synaptic neurotoxicity. …”
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A Biochemical and Pharmacological Characterization of Phospholipase A₂ and Metalloproteinase Fractions from Eastern Russell’s Viper (<i>Daboia siamensis</i>) Venom: Two... by Janeyuth Chaisakul, Orawan Khow, Kulachet Wiwatwarayos, Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili, Watcharamon Prasert, Iekhsan Othman, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin, Mongkon Charoenpitakchai, Wayne C. Hodgson, Lawan Chanhome, Narongsak Chaiyabutr

“…RvPLA₂ (3–10 µg/mL) caused inhibition of direct twitches of the chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. After administration of RvPLA₂ or RvMP (300 µg/kg, i.p.) for 24 h, diffuse glomerular congestion and tubular injury with minor loss of brush border were detected in envenomed mice. …”
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In Vitro Neurotoxicity of Chinese Krait (<i>Bungarus multicinctus</i>) Venom and Neutralization by Antivenoms by Qing Liang, Tam Minh Huynh, Yen Zhi Ng, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Wayne C. Hodgson

“…<i>B. multicinctus</i> venom (1–10 μg/mL) abolished indirect twitches in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation as well as attenuating contractile responses to exogenous ACh and CCh, but not KCl. …”
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Assessing the Binding of Venoms from Aquatic Elapids to the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Orthosteric Site of Different Prey Models by Richard J. Harris, Nicholas J. Youngman, Christina N. Zdenek, Tam M. Huynh, Amanda Nouwens, Wayne C. Hodgson, David Harrich, Nathan Dunstan, José A. Portes-Junior, Bryan G. Fry

“…Subsequent testing on the in vitro chick-biventer cervicis muscle preparation suggested that, while the venoms of these species bound postsynaptically, they bound to allosteric sites rather than orthosteric. …”
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The Dragon’s Paralysing Spell: Evidence of Sodium and Calcium Ion Channel Binding Neurotoxins in Helodermatid and Varanid Lizard Venoms by James S. Dobson, Richard J. Harris, Christina N. Zdenek, Tam Huynh, Wayne C. Hodgson, Frank Bosmans, Rudy Fourmy, Aude Violette, Bryan G. Fry

“…Therefore, to fill this knowledge gap, the venoms of three <i>Heloderma</i> species (<i>H. exasperatum</i>, <i>H. horridum</i> and <i>H. suspectum</i>) and two <i>Varanus</i> species (<i>V. salvadorii</i> and <i>V. varius</i>) were investigated using <i>Gallus gallus</i> chick biventer cervicis nerve–muscle preparations and biolayer interferometry assays for binding to mammalian ion channels. …”
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