5G-IPAKA: An Improved Primary Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for 5G Networks by Yuelei Xiao, Yang Wu

“…Compared with the latest version of the 5G AKA protocol, the main improvements include that the pre-shared key between the user equipment (<i>UE</i>) and the home network (<i>HN</i>) is replaced with a derivation key as the pre-shared key, the challenge-–response mechanism for the serving network (<i>SN</i>) is added, the mutual authentication and key confirmation occurs between the <i>UE</i> and the <i>SN</i>, and the message authentication code (<i>MAC</i>) failure procedure is replaced with a timeout mechanism on the <i>HN</i>. …”
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Formal Verification and Analysis of 5G AKA Protocol Using Mixed Strand Space Model by Yuelei Xiao, Shan Gao

“…The 5th generation mobile communication technology (5G) authentication and key management (AKA) protocol specified by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) includes three cases because it introduces synchronization failure and message authentication code (MAC) failure procedures. Thus, there may be interactions between these cases, forming vulnerabilities that do not exist in any single case. …”
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