Three-dimensional spatial cognition: freely swimming fish accurately learn and remember metric information in a volume by Holbrook, R, de Perera, T

“…All animals live and move through three-dimensional environments, yet we do not understand how three-dimensional space is learned, remembered and used. Pelagic fish are ideal model organisms for studying three-dimensional spatial cognition as they move freely through volumes with six degrees of freedom. …”

Spatial cognition in three-dimensional environments by Davis, V

“…In contrast, non-surface-bound swimming and flying animals have been shown either to remember both with similar accuracy, or in some cases, remember vertical information more accurately than horizontal information. …”

Fish can encode order in their spatial map. by de Perera, T

“…Using the blind cave fish's propensity to accelerate when faced with objects or environments that are recognizably different, I used a behavioural assay to test whether fishes can learn and remember the order of a landmark sequence. I show, to my knowledge for the first time, that blind Mexican cave fish can encode order in their spatial map. …”

Three-dimensional spatial cognition in a benthic fish, Corydoras aeneus. by Davis, V, Holbrook, R, Schumacher, S, Guilford, T, de Perera, T

“…The way animals move through space is likely to affect the way they learn and remember spatial information. For example, a pelagic fish, Astyanax fasciatus, moves freely in vertical and horizontal space and encodes information from both dimensions with similar accuracy. …”

Separate encoding of vertical and horizontal components of space during orientation in fish by Holbrook, R, de Perera, T

“…Using a novel assay based on associative learning of the vertical (up/down) and horizontal (left/right) components of a rotating Y-maze, we found that banded tetras learned and remembered information from the vertical and horizontal components when they were presented either separately or as an integrated three-dimensional unit. …”

Separate encoding of vertical and horizontal components of space during orientation in fish by Holbrook, R, de Perera, T

“…Using a novel assay based on associative learning of the vertical (up/down) and horizontal (left/right) components of a rotating Y-maze, we found that banded tetras learned and remembered information from the vertical and horizontal components when they were presented either separately or as an integrated three-dimensional unit. …”