Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers. by Cowey, A, Walsh, V

“…Direct stimulation of visual cortex can produce illusory flashes of light, called phosphenes. Here we describe the spatial and motion properties of phosphenes produced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and in two subjects with peripheral or cortical blindness. …”

Transcranial alternating current stimulation reveals atypical 40 Hz phosphene thresholds in synaesthesia. by Terhune, D, Song, S, Cohen Kadosh, R

Montage matters : the influence of transcranial alternating current stimulation on human physiological tremor by Mehta, A, Pogosyan, A, Brown, P, Brittain, J

“…We additionally controlled for the role of phosphenes in influencing motor output by assessing the response of tremor to photic stimulation, through self-reported phosphene ratings. …”

Enhanced cortical excitability in grapheme-color synesthesia and its modulation. by Terhune, D, Tai, S, Cowey, A, Popescu, T, Cohen Kadosh, R

“…Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we show that synesthetes display 3-fold lower phosphene thresholds than controls during stimulation of the primary visual cortex. …”

Biophysical determinants of transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects of excitability and depth of targeted area. by Stokes, M, Barker, A, Dervinis, M, Verbruggen, F, Maizey, L, Adams, R, Chambers, C

“…In 30 participants, we measured motor threshold (MT) and phosphene threshold (PT) at the scalp surface and at coil-scalp distances of 3.17, 5.63, and 9.03 mm. …”

Making the blindsighted see. by Silvanto, J, Cowey, A, Lavie, N, Walsh, V

“…Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers. …”

Abnormal functional connectivity between ipsilesional V5/MT+ and contralesional striate cortex (V1) in blindsight. by Silvanto, J, Walsh, V, Cowey, A

“…In contrast, in neurologically normal control subjects, TMS applied over V5/MT+ never influenced the phosphenes induced from V1 in the other hemisphere. …”

Auditory evoked visual awareness following sudden ocular blindness: an EEG and TMS investigation. by Rao, A, Nobre, A, Alexander, I, Cowey, A

“…The TMS induced phosphenes were restricted to the central part of the space and were, at least qualitatively, the same as those induced by sounds. …”