The (in)appropriate benchmark when beliefs are not the only state variable. by Keller, G

“…In models of learning by experimentation, there is a natural benchmark of myopia when the only intertemporal link is the agent’s subjective belief (signal independence). …”

When is market the benchmark? Reinforcement evidence from repurchase decisions by Jiao, P, Nax, H

“…Reinforcement relative to an adaptive benchmark is a well-established model of behavior outside finance. …”

Hatemoji: A test suite and adversarially-generated dataset for benchmarking and detecting emoji-based hate by Kirk, H, Vidgen, B, Röttger, P, Hale, SA

China's Competitive Performance: A Threat to East Asian Manufactured Exports? by Lall, S, Albaladejo, M

“…We examine China's competitive threat to East Asian neighbors in the 1990s, benchmarking performance by technology and market. Market share losses are mainly in low-technology products; Japan is the most vulnerable market. …”

Investment promotion and FDI inflows: quality matters by Harding, T, Javorcik, B

“…This study uses data collected through the Global Investment Promotion Benchmarking (GIPB) exercise to examine whether higher quality of IPI services translates into higher FDI inflows. …”

Conclusion: Towards Basque political innovation. Building a strategic roadmap by Calzada, I

“…These trends will help stakeholders in the Basque Country to ensure permanent and realistic benchmarking analyses with other European Union city regions that are currently deploying paradiplomatic, translocal, independence- or devolution-driven, and multilevel governance projects, initiatives and practices.…”

An Anatomy of the Crude Oil Pricing System by Fattouh, B

“…The main purpose of this report is to analyse the main features of the current crude oil pricing system; to describe the structure of the main benchmarks currently used namely Brent West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Dubai-Oman; to clearly identify the various financial layers that have emerged around these physical benchmarks; to analyse the links between the different financial layers and between the financial layers and the physical benchmarks; and then to evaluate how these links influence the price discovery and oil price formation process in the crude oil market. …”

Persuasion without priors by Parakhonyak, A, Sobolev, A

“…A small level of uncertainty regarding the receiver’s prior makes the sender more truthful than in the full information benchmark, but as uncertainty increases at some point the sender starts to lie more. …”

Does anything beat 5-minute RV? A comparison of realized measures across multiple asset classes by Sheppard, K, Liu, L, Patton, A

“…When 5-minute RV is taken as the benchmark realized measure, we find little evidence that it is outperformed by any of the other measures. …”

New methods for forecasting inflation and its sub-components: application to the USA by Aron, J, Muellbauer, J

“…Alternative forecasting approaches for a number of different information sets are compared with benchmark univariate autoregressive models. In general, substantial out-performance is demonstrated for the aggregate and components models relative to benchmark models. …”

New methods for forecasting inflation and its sub-components: application to the USA. by Aron, J, Muellbauer, J

“…Alternative forecasting approaches for a number of different information sets are compared with benchmark univariate autoregressive models. In general, substantial out-performance is demonstrated for the aggregate and components models relative to benchmark models. …”

Regional variation of GDP per head within China, 1080-1850: implications for the great divergence debate by Broadberry, S, Guan, H

“…We examine regional variation in Chinese GDP per head for five benchmark years from the Song dynasty to the Qing. …”

Output and welfare effects in the classic monopoly price discrimination problem by Vickers, J, Cowan, S

“…This paper uses convexity arguments to determine the effects of monopolistic third-degree price discrimination on total output and welfare. We focus on benchmark cases, including constant demand elasticities, with constant curvature of inverse demand ?. …”

Output and Welfare Effects in the Classic Monopoly Price Discrimination Problem. by Cowan, S, Vickers, J

“…This paper uses convexity arguments to determine the effects of monopolistic third-degree price discrimination on total output and welfare. We focus on benchmark cases, including constant demand elasticities, with constant curvature of inverse demand sigma. …”

Output and welfare effects in the classic monopoly price discrimination problem by Cowan, S, Vickers, J

“…This paper uses convexity arguments to determine the effects of monopolistic third-degree price discrimination on total output and welfare. We focus on benchmark cases, including constant demand elasticities, with constant curvature of inverse demand (sigma). …”

The name of the rose: classifying 1930s exchange-rate regimes by Urban, S

“…On the basis of modern benchmarks, the 1930s world monetary system would not be considered 'floating' or even 'managed floating'. …”

Measuring Competitiveness. by Neary, J

“…The indices provide a theoretical benchmark for estimated real effective exchange rates, but differ from standard measures in that they are based on marginal rather than average sectoral shares in GDP or employment. …”

Measuring Competitiveness. by Neary, J

“…The indices provide a theoretical benchmark for estimated real effective exchange rates, but differ from standard measures in that they are based on marginal rather than average sectoral shares in GDP or employment. …”

Incentive complexity, bounded rationality and effort provision by Abeler, J, Huffman, D, Raymond, C

“…In our setting, complexity leads workers to over-provide effort relative to a fully rational benchmark, and improves efficiency. We identify con tract features, and facets of worker cognitive ability, that matter for shrouding. …”

Freshwater, Saltwater, and Deepwater: Efficient Market Hypothesis versus Behavioral Finance. by Wójcik, D, Kreston, N, McGill, S

“…BF is far from stealing a march on the EMH, and the latter is still used as the benchmark.…”