From crisis to crisis: Musharraf's personal rule and the 2002 elections in Pakistan by Afaq Ansari, Zafar, Moten, Abdul Rashid

“…They are not nearly as preoccupied with directing the national economy for greater prosperity “as with the task of keeping themselves and their regimes afloat; they are trying to survive in a political world of great uncertainty and often turbulence.” 2 They do so by resorting to conspiracy, factional politics and clientelism, corruption, purges and rehabilitations, and various succession maneuvers. …”
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Governance in the Muslim world: Exploring the Post-WWII era by Quddus, S. M. Abdul

“…The paper argues that most MMCs are not unique in relation to governmental systems and have owed predominantly to the “syncratic” character of states where the governance system is based on clientelism (AKA the patron-client model of politics), commonly note the existence of loose coalition of both modern and traditional elites, who tend to foster economic and political changes without changing the complex privilege-obligation relationships among different unequal players or the status or “tradition” of the society. …”
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