Muslims as terrorists : hate speech against Muslims by Tamsila Naeem

“…Muslims all over the world get psychologically disturbed, since such derogatory speeches, abusive titles and bigotry practices against them deconstruct their archetypal identity as peace loving community to terrorists. …”
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The spread of Chinese virus in the internet discourse: a cognitive semantic analysis by Augustyn, Rafał, Prażmo, Ewelina

“…In this paper we thus argue that only a pragmatically-enriched model of dynamic meaning construal can account for the polysemy and frequent ambiguity of compound expressions, including semantic extensions with generally derogatory or even outright racist connotations.…”
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Defying out-group impoliteness: an analysis of users’ defensive strategies in disputing online criticisms by Isma Noornisa Ismail, Thilagavathi Shanmuganathan, Azianura Hani Shaari

“…However, studies have shown that many have misused this platform to incite hatred and animosity when expressing themselves. Online derogatory expressions include the usage of slurs, pejoratives, hate-speech, flaming, and trolling, among others. …”
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Parasites, herbivores and dried fish: dehumanising metaphorical blends in Japanese by Prazmo, Ewelina Maria, Augustyn, Rafal

“…The Japanese language often reflects very conservative, conformist, and ritual-abiding attitudes and mindsets of its speakers and hence, is rife with derogatory expressions which serve to denigrate non-conforming elements of a society. …”
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“Single, seventies, and stuck”: a discourse analysis of the “leftover women” or Sheng Nu in China in the blogosphere by Murti, Desideria Cempaka Wijaya

“…The government of China introduced the lexicon of “leftover women,” or sheng nu, to publicly signify the “eligible but unmarried women between age 27 to 35” in 2010. Although it was a derogatory lexicon against women, but some researchers have argued that sheng nu is a sign of women’s emancipation because these women usually have successful careers. …”
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COVID-19 pandemic: euphemism and dysphemism in Jordanian Arabic by Olimat, Sameer Naser

“…Euphemism is an acceptable expression used instead of an offensive one to avoid unpleasant connotations, while dysphemism is a derogatory expression with negative suggestions used instead of neutral or polite one to attack something or someone. …”
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Former Muslims’ socio-religious discourse on social media : a speech acts analysis by Radzuwan Ab Rashid, Almekhlafy, Sultan Saleh Ahmad, Muhammad Yasir Malik, Hassam Ahmad Hashmi

“…This study concludes that the social media affordances enabled the former Muslims living in Islamic countries to perform speech acts and construct derogatory discourse on Islam. Further the strategic speech acts identified demonstrate former Muslims’ tendency, capacity and intention of challenging religious, especially Islamic, authoritative discourse.…”
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The right to cyberbully? a gendered analysis during COVID-19 in Malaysia by Y. H. Loh, Benjamin, Vilashini Somiah, Nie, Kho Suet

“…Cathryn Li, perceived as less modest and non-Muslim, faced extensive derogatory comments affecting her mental health. Ain Husniza faced mockery due to her Malay Muslim background, while Veveonah was targeted for political motives. …”
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