Tazkiyatun nafs (purification of the soul): a psycho-spiritual approach in strengthening marriage relationships by Ahmad, Rosliza, Hassan, Siti Aishah

“…Four elements of human nature; ruh (spirit), qalb (heart), aql (intellect), and nafs (soul), will be discussed to understand the nature of human beings. …”
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Effects of marital psycho-spiritual intervention on personality, communication and attachment among muslim spouses in Kedah, Malaysia by Ahmad, Rosliza

“…These results reveal valuable information that an Islamic psycho-spiritual approach that emphasizes the spiritual practices and element of nafs (soul), aql (intellect), qalb (heart), and ruh (spirit) help improve Muslim spouses‘ personality, communication and avoidance attachment. …”
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