Hidden Markov models: an insight by Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Izhan, Mohamed, Ibrahim, Abu Bakar, Mohd Rizam

“…Hidden Markov models (HMM) is a probabilistic model consisting of variables representing observations, variables that are hidden, the initial state distribution, transition matrix, and parameters for all observation distributions. …”
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Short review on metamorphic malware detection in Hidden Markov Models by Yeong, T. Ling, Mohd Sani, Nor Fazlida

“…In this paper, we present Hidden Markov Model as an efficient metamorphic malware detection tool by exploring the common obfuscation techniques used in malware while reviewing and comparing the different studies that adopt HMM as a detection tool.…”
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Extracting features for the linguistic variables of fuzzy rules using hidden Markov model by Suliman, Azizah, Sulaiman, Md. Nasir, Othman, Mohamed, O. K. Rahmat, Rahmita Wirza

“…This research work will be classifying the characters using a syntactical classification method namely fuzzy logic but will use the statistical method of Hidden Markov Model as an approach in extracting features for the linguistic variables of the fuzzy rule‐based system. …”
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Hidden markov model for decision making among heterogeneous systems in intelligent building by Abba, Babakura

“…In order to improve the response time a machine learning algorithm like Hidden Markov Model (HMM) instead of the rule-based is used. …”
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Estimation of transformers health index based on condition parameter factor and hidden Markov model by Mohd Selva, Amran, Yahaya, Muhammad Sharil, Azis, Norhafiz, Ab Kadir, Mohd Zainal Abidin, Jasni, Jasronita, Yang Ghazali, Young Zaidey

“…This paper presents a study to estimate future Health Index (HI) of transformer population based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In this paper, HI was represented as hidden state and the condition parameter factors in the HI algorithm namely Dissolved Gas Analysis Factor (DGAF), Oil Quality Analysis Factor (OQAF) and Furfural Analysis Factor (FAF) were represented as the observable states. …”
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Denoising of digital images using second generation wavelet transforms-hidden markov model by Khmag, Asem Ib Mohamed

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A hybrid approach of hidden Markov model and fuzzy logic for isolated handwritten characters recognition by Suliman, Azizah

“…The system will be designed with the use of Hidden Markov Model (HMM) as a linguistic variable quantifier for a Fuzzy rule based classifier. …”
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Comparison of hidden Markov Model and Naïve Bayes algorithms among events in smart home environment by Babakura, Abba, Sulaiman, Md Nasir, Mustapha, Norwati, Kasmiran, Khairul A.

“…In this paper, we propose Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Naïve Bayes (NB) to test the accuracy and response time of the home data and to compare between the two algorithms. …”
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Natural image noise removal using nonlocal means and hidden Markov models in transform domain by Asem, Khmag, Sy Mohamed, Syed Abdul Rahman Al Haddad, Ramlee, Ridza Azri, Kamarudin, Noraziahtulhidayu, Malallah, Fahad Layth

“…In this paper, the use of clustering based on moment invariants and the hidden Markov model (HMM) is proposed to achieve preclassification and thus capture the dependency between additive white Gaussian noise pixel and its neighbors on the wavelet transform. …”
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Metamorphic malware detection using structural features and nonnegative matrix factorization with hidden markov model by Ling, Yeong Tyng, Mohd Sani, Nor Fazlida, Abdullah, Mohd Taufik, Abdul Hamid, Nor Asilah Wati

“…Previous research has shown the use of opcode instructions as feature representation with Hidden Markov Model in the context of metamorphic malware detection. …”

Impact of acoustical voice activity detection on spontaneous filled pause classification by Hamzah, Raseeda, Jamil, Nursuriati, Seman, Noraini, Ardi, Norizah, C. Doraisamy, Shyamala

“…Few attempts of classifying filled pause and elongation employed Hidden Markov model. Our proposed method of utilizing Neural Network as a classifier achieved 96% precision rate. …”
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HMM-based decision model for smart home environment by Babakura, Abba, Sulaiman, Md. Nasir, Mustapha, Norwati, Perumal, Thinagaran

“…In this paper, we present a Hidden-Markov Model (HMM) based decision model for smart home environment by providing decision support ability. …”
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Binary relevance model for activity recognition in home environment using ambient sensors by Jethanandani, Manan, Perumal, Thinagaran, Liaw, Yuh Ching, Chang, Jieh Ren, Sharma, Abhishek, Bao, Yipeng

“…The HAR problem, basically a temporal classification problem has been modelled in the past with various methods such as Bayesian Networks, Hidden Markov Model, Conditional Random Field, etc. Here, we propose the Binary Relevance Method of the multi- label classification to tackle the multi-resident activity recognition problem on real world dataset. …”
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Robust speech recognition using fusion techniques and adaptive filtering by Syed Mohamed, Syed Abdul Rahman Al-Haddad, Abdul Samad, Salina, Hussain, Aini, Ishak, Khairul Anuar, Noor, Ali O. Abid

“…The study proposes an algorithm for noise cancellation by using recursive least square (RLS) and pattern recognition by using fusion method of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Speech signals are often corrupted with background noise and the changes in signal characteristics could be fast. …”
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Another way to recognize human action by Abdullah, Lili Nurliyana, Mohd Noah, Shahrul Azman, Tengku Sembok, Tengku Mohd

“…Our goal is to make our system adaptable to different events in different domains. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) originally emerged in the domain of speech recognition. …”
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Named entity recognition using a new fuzzy support vector machine. by Mansouri, Alireza, Affendy, Lilly Suriani, Mamat, Ali

“…Some of the Machine learning algorithms used in NER methods are, support vector machine(SVM), Hidden Markov Model, Maximum Entropy Model (MEM) and Decision Tree. …”
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Heartbeat disease diagnosis using text-based approaches by Khorasani, Ehsan Safar

“…Another technique that it used for diagnosis the heart problem is Hidden Markov Model (HMM) that they suggest HMM for segmentation of heart sound recorded for clinical and classification purpose. …”
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Determination of putative vacuolar proteases, PEP4 and PRB1 in a novel yeast expression host Meyerozyma Guilliermondii strain SO using bioinformatics tools by Lorrine, Okojie Eseoghene, Rahman, Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd, Joo, Shun Tan, Raja Khairuddin, Raja Farhana, Salleh, Abu Bakar, Oslan, Siti Nurbaya

“…Proteolytic activity of 117.30 U/ml and 75 U/ml were obtained after 72 h of cultivation for both extracellular and intracellular proteins, respectively. Next, the Hidden Markov model (HMM) was used to detect the presence of the vacuolar proteases (PEP4 and PRB1) from the strain SO proteome. …”
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Structural investigation of alcohol oxidase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii and the use of its promoter for recombinant protein expression by Mahyon, Nur Iznida

“…The microscopy analysis (using scanning and transmission electron microscopy) and carbon assimilation results confirmed that strain SO was a Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) analysis was performed to identify AOX protein from reference proteome (M. guilliermondii ATCC6260). …”
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Improved feature extraction and lexicon reduction methods classified by support vector machine for Farsi handwritten word recognition system by Akbarpour, Shahin

“…In the latest and the most successful prior studies, a feature extraction method, a lexicon reduction, and hidden Markov model (HMM) have been used. However, the recognition rate is not superior owing to the fact that the feature extraction method could not truly describe the Farsi word. …”
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