Understanding sacred objects: towards and anthroologucal theory of religious meaning by Salazar, C

“…These modes of experience include different forms of communication in which their performative component trumps their propositional content, modes of communication that are normally defined as ‘symbolic languages' when religious scholars try to translate them into explicit verbal statements, that is, into a set of propositions. …”

Between Islam and the nation; nation-building, the ulama and Alevi identity in Turkey by Lord, C

“…This article analyses the relationship between Islam and nationalism by considering the role of the ulama in Turkey, housed within the Presidency of Religious Affairs (PRA). The ulama – religious scholars and experts of Islamic law – in Muslim majority contexts are typically closely linked with the state and play a key role in shaping the boundaries of Islam and of what is Islamically acceptable. …”

Sharī‘a under the English legal system in British India: Awqāf (endowments) in the making of Anglo-Muhammadan law by Abbasi, M, M Z Abbasi

“…However, Muslim lawyers, judges, legal commentators, and some religious scholars (<em>‘ulamā’</em>) simultaneously collaborated and negotiated with, and resisted colonial administrators in the process of legal transformation. …”

Environmentalism in Qatar: examining the influence of Islamic ethics on environmental thought and practice by Kolkailah, N

“…</p> <p>Based on these findings, this thesis argues that the rise of a successful and sustainable environmental movement in Qatar necessitates 1) greater contribution and public engagement from indigenous Qataris, 2) tactful and incremental politicization (particularly from citizens holding greater social/political influence than expatriates/migrants), 3) more intersectional approaches to tackling the country’s most pressing socio-environmental needs, and 4) greater synergistic collaboration between religious scholars, imams, and activists to advance ecological consciousness and environmental education based on Islamic ethical and scriptural paradigms echoing and bolstering noble Arab virtues. …”