Toward Mid-Air Collision-Free Trajectory for Autonomous and Pilot-Controlled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Kaya Kuru, John Michael Pinder, Benjamin Jon Watkinson, Darren Ansell, Keith Vinning, Lee Moore, Chris Gilbert, Aadithya Sujit, David Jones

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Application of Bayesian Networks and Information Theory to Estimate the Occurrence of Mid-Air Collisions Based on Accident Precursors by Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés, Schon Z.Y. Liang Cheng, Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Francisco Javier Sáez Nieto

“…This paper combines Bayesian networks (BN) and information theory to model the likelihood of severe loss of separation (LOS) near accidents, which are considered mid-air collision (MAC) precursors. BN is used to analyze LOS contributing factors and the multi-dependent relationship of causal factors, while Information Theory is used to identify the LOS precursors that provide the most information. …”
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Preliminary Feasibility Study of the Ad Hoc Separation Operational Concept by Lidia Serrano-Mira, Luis Pérez Sanz, Javier A. Pérez-Castán, Fedja Netjasov, Irene García Moreno, Eduardo S. Ayra

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Vision-Based Mid-Air Object Detection and Avoidance Approach for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Deep Learning and Risk Assessment by Ying-Chih Lai, Tzu-Yun Lin

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What Matters in the Effectiveness of Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems? Monte Carlo Simulation of Uncertainties for TCAS II and ACAS Xa by Sybert Stroeve

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Mid-air hand interaction with optical tracking for 3D modelling by Cui, Jian

“…After surveying the relevant works and analyzing technical capabilities of the commonly available optical sensors, two approaches are thoroughly investigated for the natural mid-air hand interaction in precise 3D modeling – they are collision-based and gesture-based interaction. …”
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Airspace capacity overload identification using collision risk patterns by Ma, Chunyao, Cai, Qing, Alam, Sameer, Duong, Vu N.

“…Since the primary task of air traffic controllers is to manage traffic flow within the constraints imposed by safety requirements, i.e., to warrant the collision risk at a low level, in this paper, we use the aircraft mid-air collision risk for a given airspace as the indicator of airspace capacity overload. …”
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Parametric Study of Structured UTM Separation Recommendations with Physics-Based Monte Carlo Distribution for Collision Risk Model by Chung-Hung John Wang, Chao Deng, Kin Huat Low

“…One layer of defense against mid-air-collision and the ensuing third-party injury or fatality is the pre-flight separation assurance. …”
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Pre-tactical airspace collision risk model for air traffic controller by Ngoi, Kai Ling

“…This will potentially lead to mid-air collision. With the increasing workload, more errors will be made by ATCOs that contributes to mid-air collision. …”
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Quantifying Specific Operation Airborne Collision Risk through Monte Carlo Simulation by Aliaksei Pilko, Mario Ferraro, James Scanlan

“…Integration of Uncrewed Aircraft into unsegregated airspace requires robust and objective risk assessment in order to prevent exposure of existing airspace users to additional risk. A probabilistic Mid-Air Collision risk model is developed based on surveillance traffic data for the intended operational area. …”
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Vision-Based In-Flight Collision Avoidance Control Based on Background Subtraction Using Embedded System by Jeonghwan Park, Andrew Jaeyong Choi

“…One of the key features of an autonomous UAV is a robust mid-air collision avoidance strategy. This paper proposes a vision-based in-flight collision avoidance system based on background subtraction using an embedded computing system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). …”
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Same-track UAS separation requirement evaluation with Monte-Carlo based collision risk modeling by Wang, John Chung Hung, Deng, Chao, Low, Kin Huat

“…To determine the separation needed to prevent mid-air collision for UAS, specifically multirotor, traveling along the same track, a modified Reich collision risk model with multirotor specific flight dynamics and Monte-Carlo method was used. …”
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Collision risk assessment of reduced aircraft separation minima in procedural airspace using advanced communication and navigation by Cai, Qing, Ang, Haojie, Alam, Sameer

“…In order to maintain safety of air traffic operations, stringent aircraft separation standards are in place to reduce mid-air collisions. Note that the separation minima for aircraft flying in a procedural airspace (limited Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) services) are normally larger than those for a non-procedural airspace. …”
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Parametric study of structured UTM separation recommendations with physics-based Monte Carlo distribution for collision risk model by Wang, John Chung-Hung, Deng, Chao, Low, Kin Huat

“…One layer of defense against mid-air-collision and the ensuing third-party injury or fatality is the pre-flight separation assurance. …”
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Damage severity prediction of helicopter windshields caused by a collision with a small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) by Mohd Hasrizam Che Man, Low, Kin Huat

“…Increased in sUAV traffic in future may lead to higher chance of collision between sUAV with other airspace users where mid-air collision debris might fall and endanger peoples on the ground. …”
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3D path planning and real-time collision resolution of multirotor drone operations in complex urban low-altitude airspace by Zhang, Na, Zhang, Mingcheng, Low, Kin Huat

“…Subsequently, a local collision resolution method is proposed to avoid near mid-air collision of the dynamic threats. …”
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Multimodal Augmented Reality Applications for Training of Traffic Procedures in Aviation by Birgit Moesl, Harald Schaffernak, Wolfgang Vorraber, Reinhard Braunstingl, Ioana Victoria Koglbauer

“…Mid-air collision is one of the top safety risks in general aviation. …”
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A Quantitative Approach to Air Traffic Safety at Very Low Levels by Xavier Olive, Patrick Le Blaye

“…A safe integration of drone operations at very low levels, especially for beyond visual line-of-sight operations, must come with proper modeling of the mid-air collision risk at lower altitudes. In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art quantitative model for the air risk assessment of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations and illustrate how cooperative technologies such ADS-B and FLARM, together with networks of compatible ground receivers, are crucial to provide the traffic data required to support this model. …”
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Detection of a Moving UAV Based on Deep Learning-Based Distance Estimation by Ying-Chih Lai, Zong-Ying Huang

“…Distance information of an obstacle is important for obstacle avoidance in many applications, and could be used to determine the potential risk of object collision. In this study, the detection of a moving fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with deep learning-based distance estimation to conduct a feasibility study of sense and avoid (SAA) and mid-air collision avoidance of UAVs is proposed by using a monocular camera to detect and track an incoming UAV. …”
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Identification and Quantification of Contributing Factors to the Criticality of Aircraft Loss of Separation by Lidia Serrano-Mira, Marta Pérez Maroto, Eduardo S. Ayra, Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Schon Z. Y. Liang-Cheng, Víctor Gordo Arias, Luis Pérez-Sanz

“…A Mid-Air Collision (MAC) is a fatal event with tragic consequences. …”
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