Integración y desarrollo de la región fronteriza peruano ecuatoriana: entre el discurso y la realidad, una visión local by Anne Marie Hocquenghem, Étienne Durt

“…Finally, in the fourth part, on the basis of interviews with mayors and their electors, we will try to compare the official discourse with the reality that is felt and lived locally, in order to ask some questions about problems and posibilities of integration and regional development.…”
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Nueva Francia y Nueva Granada fente al contrabando. Reflexiones sobre el comercio ilícito en el contexto colonial. by Muriel Laurent.

“…Specifically, the paper focuses on five different traits that typified smuggling in both New France and New Granada and which make it possible to explain its continued existence there throughout the colonial period: first, the socioeconomic needs underlying the rise and continuation of smuggling; secondly, the measures taken by the authorities to repress this illegal activity; thirdly, the role of merchants and their relative independence with respect to authority; fourthly, the topic of profitability and subsequent enrichment, marked by corruption and the influence of social networks in official affairs; fifth and finally, the presence of indigenous groups, their co-existence with authorities in the conquered territories, and their relationship to trade.…”
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