The 1860 Japanese embassy and the opening of American civilization by Doan, N

“…Tamamushi’s ideas and transnational experiences manifested themselves in his activity as a military commander for the Northern Alliance in the Boshin War (1868–1869). The new knowledge revealed by this study alters the historical understanding of the nineteenth-century Japanese influence on American intellectual discourse, as well as the dual narratives of kaikoku (Japan’s “opening”) and bunmei kaika (“civilization and enlightenment”), two of the defining periods in Japanese history. …”