First anatomical network analysis of fore- and hindlimb musculoskeletal modularity in bonobos, common chimpanzees, and humans by Rui Diogo, Julia L. Molnar, Campbell Rolian, Borja Esteve-Altava

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The effects of captive versus wild rearing environments on long bone articular surfaces in common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by Kristi L. Lewton

“…Here, this hypothesis is tested using a sample of 42 captive and wild common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Articular surface areas of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia were calculated from linear breadth measurements, adjusted for size differences using Mosimann shape variables, and compared across sex and environmental groups using two-way ANOVA. …”
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Exploring the effects of skeletal architecture and muscle properties on bipedal standing in the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) from the perspective of biomechanics by Xiao-Wei Xv, Wen-Bin Chen, Cai-Hua Xiong, Bo Huang, Long-Fei Cheng, Bai-Yang Sun

Subjects: “…common chimpanzee…”
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Bonobo anatomy reveals stasis and mosaicism in chimpanzee evolution, and supports bonobos as the most appropriate extant model for the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans by Rui Diogo, Julia L. Molnar, Bernard Wood

“…We discuss these data in the context of available genomic information and debates on whether the common chimpanzee-bonobo divergence is linked to heterochrony.…”
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Genetic structure of chimpanzee populations. by Celine Becquet, Nick Patterson, Anne C Stone, Molly Przeworski, David Reich

“…To address this, we report the largest genetic study of the chimpanzees to date, examining 310 microsatellites in 84 common chimpanzees and bonobos. We infer three common chimpanzee populations, which correspond to the previously defined labels of "western," "central," and "eastern," and find little evidence of gene flow between them. …”
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A new isolation with migration model along complete genomes infers very different divergence processes among closely related great ape species. by Thomas Mailund, Anders E Halager, Michael Westergaard, Julien Y Dutheil, Kasper Munch, Lars N Andersen, Gerton Lunter, Kay Prüfer, Aylwyn Scally, Asger Hobolth, Mikkel H Schierup

“…We provide a test for whether divergence is gradual or instantaneous, and we apply the model to three key divergence processes in great apes: (a) the bonobo and common chimpanzee, (b) the eastern and western gorilla, and (c) the Sumatran and Bornean orang-utan. …”
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A new isolation with migration model along complete genomes infers very different divergence processes among closely related great ape species by Mailund, T, Halager, A, Westergaard, M, Dutheil, J, Munch, K, Andersen, L, Lunter, G, Prüfer, K, Scally, A, Hobolth, A, Schierup, M

“…We provide a test for whether divergence is gradual or instantaneous, and we apply the model to three key divergence processes in great apes: (a) the bonobo and common chimpanzee, (b) the eastern and western gorilla, and (c) the Sumatran and Bornean orang-utan. …”

Genomic tools for evolution and conservation in the chimpanzee: Pan troglodytes ellioti is a genetically distinct population. by Rory Bowden, Tammie S MacFie, Simon Myers, Garrett Hellenthal, Eric Nerrienet, Ronald E Bontrop, Colin Freeman, Peter Donnelly, Nicholas I Mundy

“…In spite of its evolutionary significance and conservation importance, the population structure of the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, is still poorly understood. …”
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Identification of the ancestral killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene in primates by Coggill Penny, Vernikos George S, Piatak Mike, Andersen Hanne, Bashirova Arman, Sambrook Jennifer G, Lifson Jeff D, Carrington Mary, Beck Stephan

“…We show <it>KIR3DL0 </it>to be highly conserved with the identification of orthologues in human (<it>Homo sapiens</it>), common chimpanzee (<it>Pan troglodytes</it>), gorilla (<it>Gorilla gorilla</it>), rhesus monkey (<it>Macaca mulatta</it>) and common marmoset (<it>Callithrix jacchus</it>). …”
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Genomic tools for evolution and conservation in the chimpanzee: Pan troglodytes ellioti is a genetically distinct population. by Bowden, R, MacFie, T, Myers, S, Hellenthal, G, Nerrienet, E, Bontrop, R, Freeman, C, Donnelly, P, Mundy, N

“…In spite of its evolutionary significance and conservation importance, the population structure of the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, is still poorly understood. …”

Bioinformatic characterization and gene expression pattern of apoptosis inhibitor from Macrobrachium rosenbergii challenged with infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis vi... by Arockiaraj, J., Vanaraja, P., Easwvaran, S., Singh, A., Othman, R.Y., Bhassu, S.

“…The highest sequence similarity was observed in IAP-5 from ant Camponotus floridanus (67%) followed by IAP from body louse Pediculus humanus corporis (66%) and the lowest (62%) in IAP-5 isoform-5 from common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes and IAP-5 from Aedes aegypti. …”

Human uniqueness? Life history diversity among small-scale societies and chimpanzees. by Raziel J Davison, Michael D Gurven

“…While it is known that human life history diverged from that of a recent common chimpanzee-human ancestor some ~4-8 mya, it is unclear how selection pressures led to these distinct traits. …”
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Comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates by Bob eJacobs, Nicholas eJohnson, Devin eWahl, Matthew eSchall, Busisiwe C. Maseko, Albert eLewandowski, Mary Ann eRaghanti, Bridget eWicinski, Bridget eWicinski, Camilla eButti, Camilla eButti, William eHopkins, Mads F. Bertelsen, Timothy eWalsh, John R Roberts, Roger eReep, Patrick R Hof, Patrick R Hof, Chet C Sherwood, Paul eManger

“…To that end, the present study investigated cerebellar neuronal morphology among eight different, large-brained mammalian species comprising a broad phylogenetic range: afrotherians (African elephant, Florida manatee), carnivores (Siberian tiger, clouded leopard), cetartiodactyls (humpback whale, giraffe) and primates (human, common chimpanzee). Specifically, several neuron types (e.g., stellate, basket, Lugaro, Golgi, and granule neurons; N = 317) of the cerebellar cortex were stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique and quantified on a computer-assisted microscopy system. …”
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Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments. by Jennifer L Caswell, Swapan Mallick, Daniel J Richter, Julie Neubauer, Christine Schirmer, Sante Gnerre, David Reich

“…We show that bonobos and common chimpanzees were separated approximately 1,290,000 years ago, western and other common chimpanzees approximately 510,000 years ago, and eastern and central chimpanzees at least 50,000 years ago. …”
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The Role of the Antiviral APOBEC3 Gene Family in Protecting Chimpanzees against Lentiviruses from Monkeys. by Lucie Etienne, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Peter H Sudmant, Lily I Wu, Beatrice H Hahn, Michael Emerman

“…Finally, by identifying and functionally characterizing several APOBEC3 gene polymorphisms in both common chimpanzees and bonobos, we found that these ape populations encode APOBEC3 proteins that are uniformly resistant to antagonism by monkey lentiviruses.…”
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Great ape genetic diversity and population history. by Prado-Martinez, J, Sudmant, P, Kidd, J, Li, H, Kelley, J, Lorente-Galdos, B, Veeramah, K, Woerner, A, O'Connor, T, Santpere, G, Cagan, A, Theunert, C, Casals, F, Laayouni, H, Munch, K, Hobolth, A, Halager, A, Malig, M, Hernandez-Rodriguez, J, Hernando-Herraez, I, Prüfer, K, Pybus, M, Johnstone, L, Lachmann, M, Alkan, C

“…Our analysis provides support for genetically distinct populations within each species, signals of gene flow, and the split of common chimpanzees into two distinct groups: Nigeria-Cameroon/western and central/eastern populations. …”

Great ape genetic diversity and population history by Prado-Martinez, J, Sudmant, P, Kidd, J, Li, H, Kelley, J, Lorente-Galdos, B, Veeramah, K, Woerner, A, O'Connor, T, Santpere, G, Cagan, A, Theunert, C, Casals, F, Laayouni, H, Munch, K, Hobolth, A, Halager, A, Malig, M, Hernandez-Rodriguez, J, Hernando-Herraez, I, Prüfer, K, Pybus, M, Johnstone, L, Lachmann, M, Alkan, C

“…Our analysis provides support for genetically distinct populations within each species, signals of gene flow, and the split of common chimpanzees into two distinct groups: Nigeria-Cameroon/western and central/eastern populations. …”

Occurrence of Ten Protozoan Enteric Pathogens in Three Non-Human Primate Populations by Estelle Menu, Bernard Davoust, Oleg Mediannikov, Jean Akiana, Baptiste Mulot, Georges Diatta, Anthony Levasseur, Stéphane Ranque, Didier Raoult, Fadi Bittar

“…The three populations studied were common chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) in Senegal and gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla</i>) in the Republic of the Congo and in the Beauval Zoo (France). …”
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Development of a cognitive bias methodology for measuring low mood in chimpanzees by Melissa Bateson, Daniel Nettle

“…We describe the development of a novel cognitive task designed to measure ‘pessimistic’ bias in judgments of expectation of reward, a cognitive marker of low mood previously validated in a wide range of species, and report training and test data from three common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The chimpanzees were trained on an arbitrary visual discrimination in which lifting a pale grey paper cone was associated with reinforcement with a peanut, whereas lifting a dark grey cone was associated with no reward. …”
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Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Impacts Community Perceptions around Kibale National Park, Uganda by Lev Kolinski, Krista M. Milich

“…Around Kibale National Park (KNP) in western Uganda, communities regularly face the threat of crop destruction from wildlife, including from a variety of endangered species, such as African elephants (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>), common chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>), and red colobus monkeys (<i>Piliocolobus tephrosceles</i>), as well as other nonhuman primates, including olive baboons (<i>Papio anubis</i>). …”
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