Tax havens and losses of the global tax system With reference to the case of Algeria by Widad BOUKALAA, Mosbah HARRAG

“…لذلك فقد جاءت هذه الدراسة لتسلط الضوء على هذه الظاهرة التي شهدت اتساعا كبيرا في السنوات الأخيرة، والحث على تسطير استراتيجيات دولية للحد من اتساعها. The first appearance of tax havens is related to attracting foreign investment, But it has become one of the most important mechanisms of international tax evasion in the current era, costing the global tax system a loss of 427 billion annually, And 46,86% of the total losses are the responsibility of the Cayman Islands, Britain, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, USA. …”
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Rainfall and temperature influence expression of foliar symptoms of grapevine leaf stripe disease (esca complex) in vineyards by Francesco CALZARANO, Fabio OSTI, Miroslav BARÁNEK, Stefano DI MARCO

“…Greater mortality occurred for vines showing severe symptoms at the first appearance of GLSD than for vines with low severity.…”
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The Royal Wave: Royal Interaction with the Public by Matthias Range

“…This study traces the origins of their waving from its historical roots in the nineteenth century to its first appearance in modern times in 1922: in the post-war context, this was a time when royalty generally opened up to and interacted more with the people. …”
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NEW DATA ON THE EARLY JURASSIC BIODIVERSITY OF THE LOMBARDY BASIN (SOUTHERN ALPS, ITALY) AND THE EARLIEST RECORD <em>SPHENODUS</em> (CHONDRICHTHYES, NEOSELACHII) by LUCA JASELLI, CHRISTOPHER J. DUFFIN

“…Sphenodus (which ranges from the Sinemurian to the Danian) is a fairly ubiquitous Sinemurian neoselachian shark but this new record moves its First Appearance Datum (FAD) back to the Hettangian stage.…”
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Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging-based surrogate marker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Yuya Saito

“…Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most prevalent type of motor neuron disease (MND) and is diagnosed with a delay from the first appearance of symptoms. Surrogate markers that may be used to detect pathological changes before a significant neuronal loss occurs and allow for early intervention with disease-modifying therapy techniques are desperately needed. …”
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The Veneziano amplitude in AdS5 ×S3 from an 8-dimensional effective action by R. Glew, M. Santagata

“…The results provide further evidence of a novel relation between AdS×S and flat amplitudes — which made its first appearance in N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM — that is perhaps the most natural extension of the well known flat-space limit proposed by Penedones to cases where AdS and S have the same radius.…”
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The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India by Sanjukta Chakravorti, Dhurjati Prasad Sengupta

“…Chigutisaurids are now known to occur in Australia’s Early and Late Triassic, the Late Triassic in India, Argentina, and Brazil, the Jurassic of South Africa and Australia, and the Cretaceous of Australia. In India, the first appearance of chigutisaurids marks the Carnian—middle Carnian/Norian Boundary. …”
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A survey of the representation of modern architecture in the cinema by Christopher S. Wilson

“…This article surveys these two opposite representations of Modern architecture in the cinema, beginning from its first appearance in the 1920s until today.  Films directed by Marcel L’Herbier (The Inhuman Woman, 1924), Alfred Hitchcock (North by Northwest, 1959), Jacques Tati (Mon Oncle, 1958, and Playtime, 1967), Jean-Luc Godard (Contempt, 1963, Alphaville, 1965, and Two or Three Things I Know About Her, 1967), as well as several from the James Bond series (Dr. …”
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Miaolingian transgression and the Oryctocephalus indicus biozone in the Sumna Valley (Spiti), Himalaya, India by Singh, Birendra P., Singla, Garry, Bhargava, Om N., Kaur, Ramanpreet, Stopden, Stanzin

“…The Oryctocephalus indicus biozone (Wuliuan, Miaolingian) is recognised in the Sumna Valley, in the southeastern part of the Spiti region in the Himalaya, based on the first appearance datum and last appearance datum of Oryctocephalus indicus. …”
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Update of the Management of Cutaneous Squamous-cell Carcinoma by Eve Maubec

“…For transplant patients, minimizing immunosuppression and switching to sirolimus must be considered at first appearance of cSCC.…”
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Aspects of Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis in Different Populations for Understanding Human Evolution by D.V. Nesheva

“…The evolution of modern humans is a long and difficult process which started from their first appearance and continues to the present day. The study of the genetic origin of populations can help to determine population kinship and to better understand the gradual changes of the gene pool in space and time. …”
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Developmental dynamics is revealed in the early Cambrian arthropod Chuandianella ovata by Cong Liu, Dongjing Fu, Xingliang Zhang

“…Summary: Segmentation and tagmatization have contributed to the preeminent success of arthropods since their first appearance in the Cambrian. However, the exact mechanism of segmentogenesis is still insufficiently known in living and extinct groups. …”
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Refining the Ciona intestinalis model of central nervous system regeneration. by Carl Dahlberg, Hélène Auger, Sam Dupont, Yasunori Sasakura, Mike Thorndyke, Jean-Stéphane Joly

“…We used transgenic animals and labeled nucleotide analogs to describe in detail the early cellular events at the tip of the regenerating nerves and the first appearance of the new adult ganglion anlage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The rate of regeneration was found to be negatively correlated with adult size. …”
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Interacting particle systems at the edge of multilevel Dyson Brownian motions by Gorin, Vadim, Shkolnikov, Mykhaylo

“…The resulting limiting objects are interacting particle systems which can be described as Brownian versions of certain totally asymmetric exclusion processes. This is the first appearance of a particle system with local interactions in the context of general β random matrix models. …”
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Pueblo, Colorado, USA, candidate Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the cretaceous, and for the base of the Middle Turonian Substage... by Kennedy, W, Walaszczyk, I, Cobban, W

“…The base of the Turonian, defined by the first appearance of the ammonite Watinoceras devonense WRIGHT and KENNEDY at the base of bed 86 of the Bridge Creek Member corresponds to the first occurrence of Mytiloides puebloensis, and the base of the puebloensis Zone. …”

Genomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogs by Frantz, L, Mullin, V, Pionnier-Capitan, M, Lebrasseur, O, Ollivier, M, Perri, A, Linderholm, A, Mattiangeli, V, Teasdale, M, Dimopoulos, E, Tresset, A, Duffraisse, M, McCormick, F, Bartosiewicz, L, Gál, E, Nyerges, É, Sablin, M, Bréhard, S, Mashkour, M, Bălăşescu, A, Gillet, B, Hughes, S, Chassaing, O, Hitte, C, Vigne, J, Dobney, K, Hänni, C, Bradley, D, Larson, G

“…Surprisingly, the date of this divergence (~14,000 to 6400 years ago) occurs commensurate with, or several millennia after, the first appearance of dogs in Europe and East Asia. Additional analyses of ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA revealed a sharp discontinuity in haplotype frequencies in Europe. …”

A dreadful scourge: Cholera in nineteenth-century India by Harrison, M

“…Additionally, it examines the meanings that were attached to the epidemics in the years running up to the first appearance of cholera in the West. In so doing, the article makes comparisons between responses to cholera in India and in other contexts, and tests the applicability of concepts used in the study of epidemics in the West. …”

The earliest ostracods: The geological evidence by Williams, M, Siveter, D, Salas, M, Vannier, J, Popov, L, Pour, MG

“…Although geographically widespread these early ostracods have no obvious Cambrian antecedents. Their first appearance at ca. 485 Ma contrasts with molecular evidence that suggests a much earlier (latest Proterozoic or Cambrian) origin for ostracods. …”

Support for a Vraconnian Stage between the Albian sensu stricto and the Cenomanian (Cretaceous System) by Amédro Francis

“…The base of the Vraconnian is taken at the first appearance of the ammonite Mortoniceras (Mortoniceras) fallax (Breistroffer). …”
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Atmospheric Histories and Emissions of Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13(CClF[subscript 3]), ΣCFC-114 (C[subscript 2]Cl[subscript 2]F[subscript 4]), and CFC-115 (C[subscript 2]ClF[subscri... by Ivy, Diane J

“…CFC-115 increased monotonically from its first appearance in the 1960s and reached a global mean mole fraction of 8.49 ppt in 2016. …”
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